Arctic Sea Ice Extent Sixth Lowest And Tomatoes Grow In The Arctic Circle
By Countercurrents.org
27 March, 2013
Countercurrents.org
Arctic sea ice extent reached its annual maximum extent, marking the beginning of the sea ice melt season [1] while vegetables including tomato, green pepper and potatoes, which are more fitting for a temperate zone than a land of Northern Lights and glaciers, are growing on the Arctic Circle [2].
On March 15, 2013, Arctic sea ice extent appears to have reached its annual maximum extent, marking the beginning of the sea ice melt season. This year's maximum extent was the sixth lowest in the satellite record, informed the National Snow and Ice Data Center in the US .
Overview of conditions
Figure 1: Arctic sea ice extent on March 15. The orange line shows the 1979 to 2000 median extent for that day. The black cross indicates the geographic North Pole. Credit: National Snow and Ice Data Center
On March 15, 2013 Arctic sea ice was at 15.13 million square kilometers (5.84 million square miles). The maximum extent was 733,000 square kilometers (283,000 square miles) below the 1979 to 2000 average of 15.86 million square kilometers (6.12 million square miles).
The maximum occurred five days later than the 1979 to 2000 average date of March 10. The date of the maximum has varied considerably over the years, with the earliest maximum in the satellite record occurring as early as February 24 in 1996 and as late as April 2 in 2010.
The lowest maximum extent occurred in 2011. The ten lowest maximums in the satellite record have occurred in the last ten years, 2004 to 2013.
Figure 2: The graph above shows Arctic sea ice extent as of March 24, 2013, along with daily ice extent data for the previous five years. 2012 to 2013 is shown in blue, 2011 to 2012 in green, 2010 to 2011 in pink, 2009 to 2010 in navy, and 2008 to 2009 in purple. The 1979 to 2000 average is in dark gray. The gray area around this average line shows the two standard deviation range of the data. Credit: National Snow and Ice Data Center
Over the 2012 to 2013 winter season, sea ice extent grew a record 11.72 million square kilometers (4.53 million square miles). The record growth was primarily a result of the record low minimum last September, leaving a greater extent of ocean surface uncovered in ice to re-freeze this winter. This seasonal ice gain is 645,000 square kilometers (249,000 square miles) higher than the previous record (2007 to 2008) and 2.63 million square kilometer (1.02 million square miles) higher than the 1979 to 2000 average.
Last autumn's record low and this winter's record ice growth indicate a more pronounced seasonal cycle in Arctic sea ice and the increasing dominance of first-year ice in the Arctic .
Tomato Potato
Alistair Scrutton reported from Kangerlussuaq, Greenland :
On the Arctic Circle , a chef is growing vegetables and herbs including potatoes, thyme, tomatoes, green peppers.
Some Inuit hunters are finding reindeer fatter than ever thanks to more grazing on this frozen tundra, and for some, there is no longer a need to trek hours to find wild herbs.
Welcome to climate change in Greenland , where locals say longer and warmer summers mean the country can grow the kind of crops unheard of years ago.
"Things are just growing quicker," said Kim Ernst, the Danish chef of Roklubben restaurant, nestled by a frozen lake near a former Cold War-era U.S. military base.
"Every year we try new things," said Ernst, who even managed to grow a handful of strawberries that he served to some surprised Scandinavian royals. "I first came here in 1999 and no-one would have dreamed of doing this. But now the summer days seem warmer, and longer."
It was minus 20 degrees Centigrade in March but the sun was out and the air was still, with an almost spring feel. Ernst showed his greenhouse and an outdoor winter garden which in a few months may sprout again.
Hundreds of miles south, some farmers now produce hay, and sheep farms have increased in size. Some supermarkets in the capital Nuuk sell locally grown vegetables during the summer.
Major commercial crop production is still in its infancy. But it is a sign of changes here that Greenland 's government set up a commission this year to study how a changing climate may help farmers increase agricultural production and replace expensive imported foods.
Change is already underway. Potatoes grown commercially in southern Greenland reached over 100 tonnes in 2012, double that of 2008. Vegetable production in the region may double this year compared with 2012, according to government data.
Some politicians hope global warming will allow this country a quarter the size of the US to reduce its dependency on former colonial master Denmark for much of its food as political parties push for full independence.
Greenland, which is self-governing aside from defense and security, depends on an annual grant from Denmark of around $600 million, or half the island's annual budget. But the thawing of its enormous ice sheets have seen a boost in mining and oil exploration, as well as an interest in agriculture.
"I expect a lot of development in farming sheep and agriculture due to global warming," said Prime Minister Kuupik Kleist. "It may become an important supplement to our economy."
Locals love recounting how Erik the Red first arrived in the southern fjords here in the 10th century and labelled this ice-covered island " Greenland " to entice others to settle. There is evidence that the climate was warmer then, allowing Viking settlements to grow crops for five centuries before mysteriously dying out.
From cows to crops
The scale of this new agriculture is tiny. There are just a few dozen sheep farms in southern Greenland , where most of the impact of climate change can be seen. Cows may number less than a hundred. But with 57,000 mostly Inuit human inhabitants, the numbers to feed are also small.
"You need to put this into perspective. We used to be high Arctic and now we are more sub Arctic ," Kenneth Hoegh, an agronomist and former senior government advisor. "But we are still Arctic."
The symbolism is enormous, however, highlighting a changing global climate that has seen temperatures in the Arctic increase by about twice the global average - about 0.8 degrees Celsius since pre-industrial times.
"There are now huge areas in southern Greenland where you can grow things," said Josephine Nymand, a scientist at the Greenland Institute of Natural Resources in Nuuk. "Potatoes have most benefited. Also, cabbage has been very successful."
Sten Erik Langstrup Pedersen, who runs an organic farm in a fjord near Nuuk, first grew potatoes in 1976. Now he can plant crops two weeks earlier in May and harvest three weeks later in October compared with more than a decade ago.
He grows 23 kinds of vegetables, compared with 15 a decade ago, including beans, peas, herbs and strawberries. He says he has sold some strawberries to top restaurants in Copenhagen .
But Pedersen is skeptical about how much it will catch on. "Greenlanders are impatient. They see a seal and they immediately just want to hunt it. They can never wait for vegetables to grow."
There is still potential. Hoegh estimates Greenland could provide half its food needs from home-grown produce which would be competitive with more expensive Danish imports.
But global change is not all about benefits. While summers are warmer, there is less rain. Some experts say that Greenland could soon need irrigation works - ironic for a country of ice and lakes.
"We have had dry summers for the last few years." said Aqqalooraq Frederiksen, a senior agricultural consultant in south Greenland , who said a late spring last year hurt potato crops.
On the Arctic Circle , a flash flood last summer from suspected glacier melt water - which some locals here blamed on warm weather - swept away the only bridge connecting Ernst's restaurant to the airport. It came right in the middle of the tourist season, and the restaurant lost thousands of dollars.
It was an ominous reminder that global warming will bring its problems. Still, for Pedersen and his fjord in Nuuk, the future looks good.
"The hotter, the better," Pedersen said. "For me. "
Source:
[1] National Snow and Ice Data Center , Boulder , March 25, 2013, Colorado , “Annual maximum extent reached”,
http://nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/
[2] Reuters, March 26, 2013, “Tomatoes, strawberries grow in Greenland 's Arctic valleys”,
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