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Dams Contribute To GHG Emissions

By Countercurrents.org

01 August 2013
Countercurrents.org

With the "green" reputation of large hydroelectric dams already in question, scientists are reporting that millions of smaller dams on rivers around the world make an important contribution to the greenhouse gases linked to global climate change.[1]

The study report appears in ACS' journal Environmental Science & Technology. The study shows that more methane than previously believed bubbles out of the water behind small dams.

Andreas Maeck and colleagues point out that the large reservoirs of water behind the world's 50,000 large dams are a known source of methane. Like carbon dioxide, methane is one of the greenhouse gases, which trap heat near Earth's surface and contribute to global warming.

Methane, however, has a warming effect 25 times more powerful than carbon dioxide. The methane comes from organic matter in the sediments that accumulate behind dams. That knowledge led to questions about hydroelectric power's image as a green and nonpolluting energy source.

Maeck's team decided to take a look at methane releases from the water impoundments behind smaller dams that store water less than 50 feet deep.

They describe analysis of methane release from water impounded behind six small dams on a European river. "Our results suggest that sedimentation-driven methane emissions from dammed river hot spot sites can potentially increase global freshwater emissions by up to 7 percent," said the report.

It noted that such emissions are likely to increase due to a boom in dam construction fostered by the quest for new energy sources and water shortages.

Small dam disrupts ecosystem

This tributary of the Nu River in China has all of its water diverted by dams and is dry. (Credit: Photo by Kelly Kibler, courtesy of Oregon State University )

Researchers conclude in a report that a global push for small hydropower projects, supported by various nations and also the Kyoto Protocol to reduce GHG emissions, may cause unanticipated and potentially significant losses of habitat and biodiversity.

An underlying assumption that small hydropower systems pose fewer ecological concerns than large dams is not universally valid, scientists said in the report.

A five-year study, one of the first of its type, concluded that for certain environmental impacts the cumulative damage caused by small dams is worse than their larger counterparts.

The findings were reported by scientists from Oregon State University in the journal Water Resources Research, in work supported by the National Science Foundation.

The conclusions were based on studies of the Nu River system in China , but are relevant to national energy policies in many nations or regions -- India , Turkey , Latin America -- that seek to expand hydroelectric power generation.

Hydropower is generally favored over coal in many developing areas because it uses a renewable resource and does not contribute to global warming. Also, the social and environmental problems caused by large dam projects have resulted in a recent trend toward increased construction of small dams.

"The Kyoto Protocol, under Clean Development Mechanism, is funding the construction of some of these small hydroelectric projects, with the goal of creating renewable energy that's not based on fossil fuels," said Desiree Tullos, an associate professor in the OSU Department of Biological and Ecological Engineering.

"The energy may be renewable, but this research raises serious questions about whether or not the overall process is sustainable," Tullos said.

"There is damage to streams, fisheries, wildlife, threatened species and communities," she said.

"Furthermore, the projects are often located in areas where poverty and illiteracy are high. The benefit to these local people is not always clear, as some of the small hydropower stations are connected to the national grid, indicating that the electricity is being sent outside of the local region.

"The result can be profound and unrecognized impacts."

This study was one of the first of its type to look at the complete range of impacts caused by multiple, small hydroelectric projects, both in a biophysical, ecological and geopolitical basis, and compare them to large dam projects. It focused on the remote Nu River in China 's Yunnan Province , where many small dams producing 50 megawatts of power or less are built on tributaries that fall rapidly out of steep mountains. There are already 750,000 dams in China and about one new dam is being built every day, researchers say.

Among the findings of the report as it relates to this region of China :

The cumulative amount of energy produced by small hydroelectric projects can be significant, but so can the ecological concerns they raise in this area known to be a "hotspot" of biological diversity.

Per megawatt of energy produced, small tributary dams in some cases can have negative environmental impacts that are many times greater than large, main stem dams.

Many dams in China are built as part of a state-mandated policy to "Send Western Energy East" toward the larger population and manufacturing centers.

Small dams can have significant impacts on habitat loss when a river's entire flow is diverted into channels or pipes, leaving large sections of a river with no water at all. Fish, wildlife, water quality and riparian zones are all affected by water diversion, and changes in nearby land use and habitat fragmentation can lead to further species loss.

The cumulative effect on habitat diversity can be 100 times larger for small dams than large dams.

Policies encouraging more construction of small dams are often developed at the national or international level, but construction and management of the projects happen at the local level.

As a result, mitigation actions and governance structures that would limit social and environmental impacts of small hydropower stations are not adequately implemented.

"One of the things we found generally with small dams is that there was much less oversight and governance with the construction, operation and monitoring of small hydropower," Tullos said. "On the large, main stem dams, people pay attention to what's going on. On a small hydropower project, no one notices if minimum flows are being maintained. Or if a pump breaks, the hydropower station might sit idle for long periods of time."

Researchers said the key finding of the research, contrary to prevailing but unvalidated belief, is that "biophysical impacts of small hydropower may exceed those of large hydropower, particular with regard to habitat and hydrologic change."

Note:

1. Story Source:

The story is based on materials provided by American Chemical Society.

Journal Reference:

Andreas Maeck, Tonya DelSontro, Daniel F. McGinnis, Helmut Fischer, Sabine Flury, Mark Schmidt, Peer Fietzek, Andreas Lorke. Sediment Trapping by Dams Creates Methane Emission Hot Spots. Environmental Science & Technology, 2013; : 130715152553007 DOI: 10.1021/es4003907

Source:

American Chemical Society (2013, July 31). Sediment trapped behind dams makes them 'hot spots' for greenhouse gas emissions. ScienceDaily. Retrieved August 1, 2013 , from http://www.sciencedaily.com­ /releases/2013/07/130731122831.htm

2. Story Source:

The story is based on materials provided by Oregon State University .

Journal Reference:

Kelly M. Kibler, Desiree D. Tullos. Cumulative biophysical impact of small and large hydropower development in Nu River, China. Water Resources Research, 2013; DOI: 10.1002/wrcr.20243

Source:

Oregon State University (2013, June 18). Small dam construction to reduce greenhouse emissions is causing ecosystem disruption. ScienceDaily. Retrieved August 1, 2013 , from http://www.sciencedaily.com­ /releases/2013/06/130618125114.htm

 

 

 

 

 

 

 




 

 


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