Produce and perish
-
The Fallacy of Raising Crop Yields
By Devinder Sharma
Ever since the Agreement
on Agriculture of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) began to be debated
in the country, increasing agricultural productivity and improving food
quality are being tossed as the only solutions for farmers' survival.
Invariably, at every conference and seminar on WTO, the common refrain
is that farmers are left with no choice but to increase productivity
and thereby reduce the cost of production to remain
competitive in a globalised world.
The productivity bug has
bitten not only the agricultural scientists but also the policy makers,
planners and of course the politicians. So much so that even the President,
Mr A P J Abdul Kalam, has urged agricultural scientists to work for
doubling crop productivity in the next decade. He was recently addressing
a gathering of agricultural scientists at the 30th anniversary celebrations
of International Crops Research Institute for the
Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), near Hyderabad in Andhra Pradesh.
With a fortnight of President
Kalam's exhortation to agricultural scientists, farmers in Kurnool district
in Andhra Pradesh, dumped cartloads of tomato on the streets. Excess
production had resulted in a crash in tomato prices, with prices slumping
to 50 paise a kilo (less than half a cent for a kg), farmers were left
with no choice. In Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh and Punjab, irate potato
growers have demonstrated their anger by
throwing potatoes onto the highways. There are no takers for the bountiful
potato harvest. Not only crop failures, even bumper harvests have began
to push farmers into a vicious cycle of mounting debt and distress.
Whether it is Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra or
Punjab, farmers are increasingly becoming a victim of the new emerging
phenomenon of "produce and perish".
Farmers have been misled
to believe that diversification from staple grains to cash crops is
the only way out to escape an uncertain future. At the same time, farmers
are being asked to increase crop productivity to remain competitive
in an era of 'free' trade. Since the global trade parameters are being
relaxed and phased out, increasing productivity is being touted as the
new survival mantra. The high productivity refrain comes in handy for
the biotechnology industry to bring in expensive and risky technologies
thereby
further compounding farmers' woes. In the bargain, it is the farmer
who faces the brunt, often opting for the fatal route to escape the
humiliation and distress that such half-baked advice brings in.
At every national and international
conference, it is not unusual to see slide projections that point at
the low productivity in India and for that matter in other developing
countries. The projections for area and productivity under cereals,
including wheat and rice, and crops like sugarcane, cotton and vegetables
points to the prevailing dichotomy. India ranks among the top five countries
(often among the first two) having the
largest area under crops like wheat, rice, cotton, sugarcane, and vegetables.
India's ranking in productivity brings it to the bottom of the chart,
with per hectare yield or productivity hovering amongst the lowest five
or ten countries. The conclusion therefore is that increasing productivity
will bring more income to farmers and thereby increase their presence
and competitiveness in the international market.
Take the case of rice, the
most important staple food crop of India. In the year 2000, India's
rice paddy yield was hovering at 3008 kgs per hectare. In Thailand,
the major rice exporter, paddy productivity stands at 2329 kgs. In the
United States, the average yield per hectare was more than double at
7037 kgs. If productivity alone was the criteria, the US should have
captured the entire world market in rice. And at the same time, Thailand
shouldn't have been able to export rice considering that its average
productivity is lower than even India.
Moreover, even with such
low rice paddy productivity, India had a record procurement of 20.9
million tones of rice in the 2001-02 marketing season. The grain stock
build-up over the last few years has seen India's rice and wheat surplus
increase to an unmanageable level of 51.4 million tones in October 2002
(against a record 65 million tones in June 2001). In fact, chief ministers
of surplus rice producing states of Punjab, Haryana, and
Andhra Pradesh have been repeatedly asking their farmers not to produce
more of rice as they have no place to stock it. The Central government
too has been toying with the idea of getting out of food procurement
leaving farmers to the vagaries of the market.
In the United States, however,
despite the high paddy productivity, farmers find its cultivation uneconomical.
The US government, therefore, continues to subsidise the American farmers.
Estimates point that the American farmers receive an average subsidy
of US $ 30,000 per farm per year. As if this is not enough, the new
Farm Bill brings an additional federal support of US $ 180 billion for
the next ten years. If high productivity is the criteria for global
competitiveness, there is no plausible reason why the American
farmers would depend upon government doles for survival.
To ask the Indian farmers,
therefore, to increase paddy productivity is to merely push them into
a death trap. Already, rice farmers in Punjab and Andhra Pradesh continue
to suffer for producing more. For the past two years, with the Food
Corporation of India (FCI) refusing to buy paddy under one pretext or
the other, distress sale has become a common phenomenon. At many a places,
a number of rice farmers preferred to commit suicide waiting endlessly
for buyers in the markets. The scenario for wheat producers is no different.
They too are faced with the 'produce and perish' syndrome.
In cotton, India has the
dubious distinction of having the largest area under the crop and one
of the lowest average yields. This unexplained paradox was exploited
by the multinational seed company Monsanto to hastily push in its genetically
modified 'Bt cotton' variety. The Department of Biotechnology as well
as the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) too used the productivity
yardstick to justify the approval granted to Bt cotton. By reducing
pesticides use, Bt cotton was expected to reduce crop
losses thereby increasing per hectare productivity. The rise in productivity
will help farmers get more for the produce, and also enable them to
export.
While the impact (both negative
and positive) of Bt cotton was too small to make any dent on the national
production figures, the fact remains that cotton has lately emerged
as the crop that has increasingly pushed growers into a death trap.
In 2002, more than 100 suicides have been reported alone from 12 districts
that constitute the Vidharvha region of the eastern Maharashtra. Faced
with mounting debt, a failed crop for the second year and government
indifference, cotton farmers are resorting to suicides as a way
out of misery. Government's denial notwithstanding, more than 10,000
cotton growers have committed suicides throughout the country since
1987. This dismal scenario exists when cotton productivity has increased
by 75 per cent in the past two decades!
In contrast, America remains
the world's largest exporter of cotton. Armed with roughly $3.4 billion
in subsidy, US farmers last year harvested a record crop of 9.74 billion
pounds of cotton, aggravating a US glut and pushing prices far below
the break-even price of most growers around the world, including India,
China and west Africa. In 2002-03, US cotton farmers are expecting to
pocket even more, thanks to the farm bill signed by President Bush in
May 2002. The government program ensures farmers reap
about 70 cents a pound of cotton by making up for any shortfall in the
market with state support.
Although relatively small
share of the farm population -- just 25,000 of America's 9,00,000 farming
families actually raise cotton -- their affluence and influence is legendary.
The average net worth of a full-time American cotton-farming household,
including land and non farm assets, is about $800,000, according to
the US Department of Agriculture. And more than half of it comes from
the government subsidies. The slump in world prices therefore has no
impact on their lifestyles. But in turn brings misery to farmers in
the majority world.
No wonder, US cotton continues
to dominate the world market. Even if the Indian farmers were to double
the cotton productivity, how can they ever compete the American cotton
producers who receive a lavish federal support? More the cotton productivity
in countries like India, more would be the resulting crisis for the
farmers as well as the country's food security and economy. Furthermore,
with the phasing out of quantitative restrictions on agricultural commodities,
the import of cotton (from the US) has increased
from 21,200 tonnes in 1999 to 48,805 tonnes in 2000. Strange isn't it,
that the government, which asks domestic farmers to improve productivity
so as to attain global competitiveness should allow highly subsidized
imports so as to help the American cotton growers?
Let us move to another part
of the world. Monica Shandu was adjusted the best small-scale sugarcane
grower for 2001 in the Entumeni hills of South Africa. She farms four
acres with sugarcane, and the harvest brings her an equivalent of US
$ 200. Despite being a progressive farmer with high productivity levels,
Monica lives in penury barely managing to survive against all odds.
Far away in France, Dominique Fievez cultivates his farm of 400 acres
with sugar beet. His is an average farm, which remains
untouched by the price fluctuations in international market since 1984.
The reason: Fievez receives a huge subsidy support under the European
Union's Common Agricultural Policy at the rate of US $ 23,000 for each
of the 33 acres that he grows with beet. Such heavy subsidies depresses
the international sugar prices making it difficult for developing countries
to export. Monica Shandu gets a low price for her cane harvest because
of the subsidies that farmers like Fievez in France continue to pocket.
To ask Monica Shandu in South
Africa to work more for further raising the sugarcane productivity therefore
is a sure recipe for disaster. Similarly, asking the sugarcane growers
in Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra to raise productivity so as to be globally
competitive is to further push them towards an uncertain future. And
if you think that crop diversification may perhaps bail out farmers,
think again. Even in the frontline agricultural State of Punjab, where
diversification has been the goal since the early
1980s, it has been estimated that increasing the fruit and vegetable
production by just one per cent will cause an unmanageable glut. It
is primarily for this reason that Punjab farmers have refused to diversify
from the wheat-rice crop rotation despite the faulty recommendations
of the agricultural scientists year after year and that too for the
past 20 years!
There is something terribly
wrong with the way developing country policy makers continue to follow
the economic prescriptions being doled out essentially to protect the
massive subsidies being given to a few million farmers on either side
of the Atlantic. Equally more tragic is that it is the mainline economists
and scientists in India and for that matter in other developing countries
who eagerly join the chorus. Like the four blind men with an elephant,
they continue to grope in the dark not knowing what actually ails agriculture.
All they try to do is to fit the square pegs in round holes.
[Devinder Sharma is a New
Delhi-based food and trade policy analyst. He can be contacted at: http://www.dsharma.org]