Rethinking Kashmir Politics
By Yoginder Sikand
15 August,
2008
Countercurrents.org
Many Kashmiri Muslims vociferously insist that the demand for independence of Kashmir has nothing to do with religion. Instead, they argue, that the conflict in and over of Kashmir is essentially ‘political’. What is conveniently ignored by those who make this claim is that religion and politics, particularly in the case of the Kashmir dispute, involving as it does the rival claims of Muslim-majority Pakistan and Hindu-dominated India, can hardly be separated.
As the current spate of violence in both the Hindi-dominated Jammu division and the Muslim-majority Kashmir Valley, triggered off by a controversial decision of the state government to allot a piece of land to a Hindu temple trust, so starkly indicates, religion and communal identities defined essentially in religious terms have everything to do with the basic issue of Jammu and Kashmir and its still unsettled political status. Kashmiri nationalists, in contrast to hardcore Islamists and the Hindutva brigade, quickly dismiss this point, finding it, perhaps, too embarrassing, afraid of being labeled as religious chauvinists or ‘communal’. But, no longer, it seems, can the crucial role of religion in shaping the contours of the on-going conflict in and over Kashmir be denied.
That the on-going BJP-inspired agitation in Jammu has marshaled considerable support among the Hindus of Jammu clearly indicates that the political project of Kashmiri nationalists—of a separate, independent state of Jammu and Kashmir—has absolutely no takers among the Hindus (and other non-Muslims) of the state. Kashmiri nationalists insist that in the independent Jammu and Kashmir of their dreams, religious minorities—Hindus, Sikhs and Buddhists—who would account for almost a fourth of the population, would have equal rights and no cause for complaint. Some even boast, without adducing any evidence, of commanding the support of the non-Muslims of the state for their project. At the same time as they roundly berate the Dogra Raj as a long spell of slavery for the state’s Muslims, they insist that the boundaries of the state of Jammu and Kashmir, as constructed by the same Dogras, against the will of the Kashmiri Muslims, be considered as sacrosanct, as setting the borders of the independent country that they demand. If, as they argue, Dogra Raj was illegitimate, then surely there is nothing holy about the state boundaries as laid down by the Dogras, bringing Jammu and the vastly different Kashmir Valley in a forced union. If, as they rightly insist, Kashmir was conquered against its will by the Dogras of Jammu, there is no reason why the forced union of the two should continue in the independent Jammu and Kashmir that the Kashmiri nationalists dream of, particularly given the Jammu Hindus’ resentment of alleged Kashmiri hegemony, a sentiment shared even by many Jammu Muslims.
Kashmiri nationalists, however, would refuse to recognize this basic
contradiction in their argument. The reason is obvious: To do so,
to recognize that the Jammu’s Hindus (and Leh’s Buddhists)
would resist, even to the point of violence, the agenda of an independent
Jammu and Kashmir would clearly indicate the obvious, but embarrassing
fact, that this agenda represents the aspirations and interests largely
of Kashmiri Muslims, and is a means to legitimize Kashmir Muslim control
over the rest of the state.
The analogy
with pre-Partition India is useful. The Muslim League insisted that
because the Hindus of India were in a numerical majority, a united,
independent India, no matter what safeguards it gave and promises
of equality it made to the Muslims, would be dominated by the Hindus,
and would, for all its secular and democratic claims, be untrammeled
Hindu Raj. Hence their demand for a separate Pakistan. The Hindus
of Jammu and the Buddhists of Leh find themselves in precisely the
same position as did supporters of the Muslim League in pre-Partition
India, only now the actors have reversed their roles. Kashmiri nationalists
insist they want an independent, united Jammu and Kashmir, just as
the Congress did when it talked of a united and free India. And, like
the Congress did with the Muslims, they promise the non-Muslim minorities
of Jammu and Leh that their rights would be fully protected in this
state of their dreams. Yet, just as many Muslims refused
to accept the promises of the Congress, fearing that they would never
be honored, the non-Muslim minorities in Jammu and Kashmir refuse
to buy the arguments of the Kashmiri nationalists, which they rightly
see as a thinly-veiled guise to justify Kashmiri hegemony.
I have heard Kashmiris, including some of my closest friends, come up with the most ingenious arguments to counter the above point. ‘Kashmiriyat, the teachings of love and peace of our Sufis, unite us all and would ensure that non-Muslim minorities will be safe and protected in a free Jammu and Kashmir’, some of them say. A laughable claim, unless all Kashmiris suddenly decide to shun the world and trod the mystical path, an unlikely prospect. Sufism is in a rapid state of decline in Kashmir and elsewhere, as is the case with all other forms of mysticism.
Then there
is another bizarre argument, which I heard, among others, from none
less than Syed Ali Gilani, chief Islamist ideologue in Kashmir, and
a fervent backer of Kashmir’s accession to Pakistan, which runs
like this: Islam lays down the rights of non-Muslims and insists that
Muslims should respect them. The Prophet Muhammad himself did so.
So, if Jammu and Kashmir gets freedom and becomes a truly Islamic
state, the non-Muslim minorities will have full freedom and equality.
The late Sadullah Tantrey, once head of the Jammu branch of the Jamaat-e
Islami, even went on to insist, in all seriousness, that ‘Indeed
so happy will the non-Muslims of Jammu and Kashmir be in this independent
Islamic state that even Hindus from India would line up to settle
in the state.’ I squirmed in my seat as he went on, stunned
at his evident ignorance or hypocrisy or, as seemed more likely, both.
I itched to tell him, as I sat before him in his house in Gath, up
in the mountains of Doda, that the ‘Islamic state’ hardly
outlived the Prophet Muhammad and has been completely extinct ever
since; that the fate of minorities in scores of Muslim countries,
even those like Saudi Arabia that claim to be ‘Islamic’,
was deplorable, that even Jinnah had promised full equality to the
non-Muslim citizens of Paksitan but that had not prevented them from
being reduced to virtual second-class citizens, and that, simply put,
he was lying or else living in a fool’s paradise. I kept my
mouth shut, however. After all, I was there to learn what his views
were, not to convert him.
Clearly, any forced union of the disparate nationalities in Jammu
and Kashmir in the form of a separate, independent state that Kashmiri
nationalists champion (as now do even some Kashmiri Islamists, former
passionate advocates for union with Pakistan, who, flowing with the
tide, have realized that their earlier stance has increasingly few
takers among Kashmiris, given their mounting disenchantment with Pakistan)
would be a sure recipe for civil war. The current agitation in Jammu
is ample evidence of that. It is time, therefore, that pro-‘Azadi’
Kashmiri leaders admit this publicly.
This is
not, however, to plead the case for the division of the state, as
the RSS has been advocating, for surely that would further harden
communal boundaries and rivalries in just the same way as would the
project of an independent Jammu and Kashmir. Rather, it is to recognize
and publicly acknowledge the very plural character of Jammu and Kashmir,
and the concerns and sensitivities of all its peoples, Muslims, Hindus,
Buddhists and others.
