Deaths In
Other Nations Since
WW II Due To Us Interventions
By James A. Lucas
24 April, 2007
Countercurrents.org
INTRODUCTION
After the catastrophic attacks
of September 11 2001 monumental sorrow and a feeling of desperate and
understandable anger began to permeate the American psyche. A few people
at that time attempted to promote a balanced perspective by pointing
out that the United States had also been responsible for causing those
same feelings in people in other nations, but they produced hardly a
ripple. Although Americans understand in the abstract the wisdom of
people around the world empathizing with the suffering of one another,
such a reminder of wrongs committed by our nation got little hearing
and was soon overshadowed by an accelerated "war on terrorism."
But we must continue our
efforts to develop understanding and compassion in the world. Hopefully,
this article will assist in doing that by addressing the question “How
many September 11ths has the United States caused in other nations since
WWII?” This theme is developed in this report which contains an
estimated numbers of such deaths in 37 nations as well as brief explanations
of why the U.S. is considered culpable.
The causes of wars are complex.
In some instances nations other than the U.S. may have been responsible
for more deaths, but if the involvement of our nation appeared to have
been a necessary cause of a war or conflict it was considered responsible
for the deaths in it. In other words they probably would not have taken
place if the U.S. had not used the heavy hand of its power. The military
and economic power of the United States was crucial.
This study reveals that U.S.
military forces were directly responsible for about 10 to 15 million
deaths during the Korean and Vietnam Wars and the two Iraq Wars. The
Korean War also includes Chinese deaths while the Vietnam War also includes
fatalities in Cambodia and Laos.
The American public probably
is not aware of these numbers and knows even less about the proxy wars
for which the United States is also responsible. In the latter wars
there were between nine and 14 million deaths in Afghanistan, Angola,
Democratic Republic of the Congo, East Timor, Guatemala, Indonesia,
Pakistan and Sudan.
But the victims are not just
from big nations or one part of the world. The remaining deaths were
in smaller ones which constitute over half the total number of nations.
Virtually all parts of the world have been the target of U.S. intervention.
The overall conclusion reached
is that the United States most likely has been responsible since WWII
for the deaths of between 20 and 30 million people in wars and conflicts
scattered over the world.
To the families and friends
of these victims it makes little difference whether the causes were
U.S. military action, proxy military forces, the provision of U.S. military
supplies or advisors, or other ways, such as economic pressures applied
by our nation. They had to make decisions about other things such as
finding lost loved ones, whether to become refugees, and how to survive.
And the pain and anger is
spread even further. Some authorities estimate that there are as many
as 10 wounded for each person who dies in wars. Their visible, continued
suffering is a continuing reminder to their fellow countrymen.
It is essential that Americans
learn more about this topic so that they can begin to understand the
pain that others feel. Someone once observed that the Germans during
WWII “chose not to know.” We cannot allow history to say
this about our country. The question posed above was “How many
September 11ths has the United States caused in other nations since
WWII?” The answer is: possibly 10,000.
Comments on Gathering
These Numbers
Generally speaking, the much smaller number of Americans who have died
is not included in this study, not because they are not important, but
because this report focuses on the impact of U.S. actions on its adversaries.
An accurate count of the
number of deaths is not easy to achieve, and this collection of data
was undertaken with full realization of this fact. These estimates will
probably be revised later either upward or downward by the reader and
the author. But undoubtedly the total will remain in the millions.
The difficulty of gathering
reliable information is shown by two estimates in this context. For
several years I heard statements on radio that three million Cambodians
had been killed under the rule of the Khmer Rouge. However, in recent
years the figure I heard was one million. Another example is that the
number of persons estimated to have died in Iraq due to sanctions after
the first U.S. Iraq War was over 1 million, but in more recent years,
based on a more recent study, a lower estimate of around a half a million
has emerged.
Often information about wars
is revealed only much later when someone decides to speak out, when
more secret information is revealed due to persistent efforts of a few,
or after special congressional committees make reports
Both victorious and defeated
nations may have their own reasons for underreporting the number of
deaths. Further, in recent wars involving the United States it was not
uncommon to hear statements like “we do not do body counts"
and references to “collateral damage” as a euphemism for
dead and wounded. Life is cheap for some, especially those who manipulate
people on the battlefield as if it were a chessboard.
To say that it is difficult
to get exact figures is not to say that we should not try. Effort was
needed to arrive at the figures of 6six million Jews killed during WWI,
but knowledge of that number now is widespread and it has fueled the
determination to prevent future holocausts. That struggle continues.
The author can be contacted
at [email protected]
37 VICTIM NATIONS
Afghanistan
The U.S. is responsible for
between 1 and 1.8 million deaths during the war between the Soviet Union
and Afghanistan, by luring the Soviet Union into invading that nation.
(1,2,3,4)
The Soviet Union had friendly
relations its neighbor, Afghanistan, which had a secular government.
The Soviets feared that if that government became fundamentalist this
change could spill over into the Soviet Union.
In 1998, in an interview
with the Parisian publication Le Novel Observateur, Zbigniew Brzezinski,
adviser to President Carter, admitted that he had been responsible for
instigating aid to the Mujahadeen in Afghanistan which caused the Soviets
to invade. In his own words:
“According to the official
version of history, CIA aid to the Mujahadeen began during 1980, that
is to say, after the Soviet army invaded Afghanistan on 24 December
1979. But the reality, secretly guarded until now, is completely otherwise.
Indeed, it was July 3, 1979 that President Carter signed the first directive
for secret aid to the opponents of the pro-Soviet regime in Kabul. And
that very day, I wrote a note to the President in which I explained
to him that in my opinion this aid was going to induce a Soviet military
intervention.” (5,1,6)
Brzezinski justified laying
this trap, since he said it gave the Soviet Union its Vietnam and caused
the breakup of the Soviet Union. “Regret what?” he said.
“That secret operation was an excellent idea. It had the effect
of drawing the Russians into the Afghan trap and you want me to regret
it?” (7)
The CIA spent 5 to 6 billion
dollars on its operation in Afghanistan in order to bleed the Soviet
Union. (1,2,3) When that 10-year war ended over a million people were
dead and Afghan heroin had captured 60% of the U.S. market. (4)
The U.S. has been responsible
directly for about 12,000 deaths in Afghanistan many of which resulted
from bombing in retaliation for the attacks on U.S. property on September
11, 2001. Subsequently U.S. troops invaded that country. (4)
Angola
An indigenous armed struggle
against Portuguese rule in Angola began in 1961. In 1977 an Angolan
government was recognized by the U.N., although the U.S. was one of
the few nations that opposed this action. In 1986 Uncle Sam approved
material assistance to UNITA, a group that was trying to overthrow the
government. Even today this struggle, which has involved many nations
at times, continues.
U.S. intervention was justified
to the U.S. public as a reaction to the intervention of 50,000 Cuban
troops in Angola. However, according to Piero Gleijeses, a history professor
at Johns Hopkins University the reverse was true. The Cuban intervention
came as a result of a CIA – financed covert invasion via neighboring
Zaire and a drive on the Angolan capital by the U.S. ally, South Africa1,2,3).
(Three estimates of deaths range from 300,000 to 750,000 (4,5,6)
Argentina: See South
America: Operation Condor
Bangladesh: See Pakistan
Bolivia
Hugo Banzer was the leader
of a repressive regime in Bolivia in the 1970s. The U.S. had been disturbed
when a previous leader nationalized the tin mines and distributed land
to Indian peasants. Later that action to benefit the poor was reversed.
Banzer, who was trained at
the U.S.-operated School of the Americas in Panama and later at Fort
Hood, Texas, came back from exile frequently to confer with U.S. Air
Force Major Robert Lundin. In 1971 he staged a successful coup with
the help of the U.S. Air Force radio system. In the first years of his
dictatorship he received twice as military assistance from the U.S.
as in the previous dozen years together.
A few years later the Catholic
Church denounced an army massacre of striking tin workers in 1975, Banzer,
assisted by information provided by the CIA, was able to target and
locate leftist priests and nuns. His anti-clergy strategy, known as
the Banzer Plan, was adopted by nine other Latin American dictatorships
in 1977. (2) He has been accused of being responsible for 400 deaths
during his tenure. (1)
Also see: See South
America: Operation Condor
Brazil: See South America: Operation Condor
Cambodia
U.S. bombing of Cambodia
had already been underway for several years in secret under the Johnson
and Nixon administrations, but when President Nixon openly began bombing
in preparation for a land assault on Cambodia it caused major protests
in the U.S. against the Vietnam War.
There is little awareness
today of the scope of these bombings and the human suffering involved.
Immense damage was done to
the villages and cities of Cambodia, causing refugees and internal displacement
of the population. This unstable situation enabled the Khmer Rouge,
a small political party led by Pol Pot, to assume power. Over the years
we have repeatedly heard about the Khmer Rouge’s role in the deaths
of millions in Cambodia without any acknowledgement being made this
mass killing was made possible by the the U.S. bombing of that nation
which destabilized it by death , injuries, hunger and dislocation of
its people.
So the U.S. bears responsibility
not only for the deaths from the bombings but also for those resulting
from the activities of the Khmer Rouge - a total of about 2.5 million
people. Even when Vietnam latrer invaded Cambodia in 1979 the CIA was
still supporting the Khmer Rouge. (1,2,3)
Also see Vietnam
Chad
An estimated 40,000 people
in Chad were killed and as many as 200,000 tortured by a government,
headed by Hissen Habre who was brought to power in June, 1982 with the
help of CIA money and arms. He remained in power for eight years. (1,2)
Human Rights Watch claimed
that Habre was responsible for thousands of killings. In 2001, while
living in Senegal, he was almost tried for crimes committed by him in
Chad. However, a court there blocked these proceedings. Then human rights
people decided to pursue the case in Belgium, because some of Habre’s
torture victims lived there. The U.S., in June 2003, told Belgium that
it risked losing its status as host to NATO’s headquarters if
it allowed such a legal proceeding to happen. So the result was that
the law that allowed victims to file complaints in Belgium for atrocities
committed abroad was repealed. However, two months later a new law was
passed which made special provision for the continuation of the case
against Habre.
Chile
The CIA intervened in Chile’s
1958 and 1964 elections. In 1970 a socialist candidate, Salvador Allende,
was elected president. The CIA wanted to incite a military coup to prevent
his inauguration, but the Chilean army’s chief of staff, General
Rene Schneider, opposed this action. The CIA then planned, along with
some people in the Chilean military, to assassinate Schneider. This
plot failed and Allende took office. President Nixon was not to be dissuaded
and he ordered the CIA to create a coup climate: “Make the economy
scream,” he said.
What followed were guerilla warfare, arson, bombing, sabotage and terror.
ITT and other U.S. corporations with Chilean holdings sponsored demonstrations
and strikes. Finally, on September 11, 1973 Allende died either by suicide
or by assassination. At that time Henry Kissinger, U.S. Secretary of
State, said the following regarding Chile: “I don’t see
why we need to stand by and watch a country go communist because of
the irresponsibility of its own people.” (1)
During 17 years of terror
under Allende’s successor, General Augusto Pinochet, an estimated
3,000 Chileans were killed and many others were tortured or “disappeared.”
(2,3,4,5)
Also see South America:
Operation Condor
China An estimated
900,000 Chinese died during the Korean War. For more information, See:
Korea.
Colombia
One estimate is that 67,000
deaths have occurred from the 1960s to recent years due to support by
the U.S. of Colombian state terrorism. (1)
According to a 1994 Amnesty
International report, more than 20,000 people were killed for political
reasons in Colombia since 1986, mainly by the military and its paramilitary
allies. Amnesty alleged that “U.S.- supplied military equipment,
ostensibly delivered for use against narcotics traffickers, was being
used by the Colombian military to commit abuses in the name of “counter-insurgency.”
(2) In 2002 another estimate was made that 3,500 people die each year
in a U.S. funded civilian war in Colombia. (3)
In 1996 Human Rights Watch
issued a report “Assassination Squads in Colombia” which
revealed that CIA agents went to Colombia in 1991 to help the military
to train undercover agents in anti-subversive activity. (4,5)
In recent years the U.S.
government has provided assistance under Plan Colombia. The Colombian
government has been charged with using most of the funds for destruction
of crops and support of the paramilitary group.
Cuba
In the Bay of Pigs invasion
of Cuba on April 18, 1961 which ended after 3 days, 114 of the invading
force were killed, 1,189 were taken prisoners and a few escaped to waiting
U.S. ships. (1) The captured exiles were quickly tried, a few executed
and the rest sentenced to thirty years in prison for treason. These
exiles were released after 20 months in exchange for $53 million in
food and medicine.
Some people estimate that
the number of Cuban forces killed range from 2,000, to 4,000. Another
estimate is that 1,800 Cuban forces were killed on an open highway by
napalm. This appears to have been a precursor of the Highway of Death
in Iraq in 1991 when U.S. forces mercilessly annihilated large numbers
of Iraqis on a highway. (2)
Democratic Republic
of Congo (formerly Zaire)
The beginning of massive
violence was instigated in this country in 1879 by its colonizer King
Leopold of Belgium. The Congo’s population was reduced by 10 million
people over a period of 20 years which some have referred to as “Leopold’s
Genocide.” (1) The U.S. has been responsible for about a third
of that many deaths in that nation in the more recent past. (2)
In 1960 the Congo became
an independent state with Patrice Lumumba being its first prime minister.
He was assassinated with the CIA being implicated, although some say
that his murder was actually the responsibility of Belgium. (3) But
nevertheless, the CIA was planning to kill him. (4) Before his assassination
the CIA sent one of its scientists, Dr. Sidney Gottlieb, to the Congo
carrying “lethal biological material” intended for use in
Lumumba’s assassination. This virus would have been able to produce
a fatal disease indigenous to the Congo area of Africa and was transported
in a diplomatic pouch.
Much of the time in recent
years there has been a civil war within the Democratic Republic of Congo,
fomented often by the U.S. and other nations, including neighboring
nations. (5)
In April 1977, Newsday reported
that the CIA was secretly supporting efforts to recruit several hundred
mercenaries in the U.S. and Great Britain to serve alongside Zaire’s
army. In that same year the U.S. provided $15 million of military supplies
to the Zairian President Mobutu to fend off an invasion by a rival group
operating in Angola. (6)
In May 1979, the U.S. sent
several million dollars of aid to Mobutu who had been condemned 3 months
earlier by the U.S. State Department for human rights violations. (7)
During the Cold War the U.S. funneled over 300 million dollars in weapons
into Zaire (8,9) $100 million in military training was provided to him.
(2) In 2001 it was reported to a U.S. congressional committee that American
companies, including one linked to former President George Bush Sr.,
were stoking the Congo for monetary gains. There is an international
battle over resources in that country with over 125 companies and individuals
being implicated. One of these substances is coltan, which is used in
the manufacture of cell phones. (2)
Dominican Republic
In 1962, Juan Bosch became
president of the Dominican Republic. He advocated such programs as land
reform and public works programs. This did not bode well for his future
relationship with the U.S., and after only 7 months in office, he was
deposed by a CIA coup. In 1965 when a group was trying to reinstall
him to his office President Johnson said, “This Bosch is no good.”
Assistant Secretary of State Thomas Mann replied “He’s no
good at all. If we don’t get a decent government in there, Mr.
President, we get another Bosch. It’s just going to be another
sinkhole.” Two days later a U.S. invasion started and 22,000 soldiers
and marines entered the Dominican Republic and about 3,000 Dominicans
died during the fighting. The cover excuse for doing this was that this
was done to protect foreigners there. (1,2,3,4)
East Timor
In December 1975, Indonesia
invaded East Timor. This incursion was launched the day after U.S. President
Gerald Ford and Secretary of State Henry Kissinger had left Indonesia
where they had given President Suharto permission to use American arms,
which under U.S. law, could not be used for aggression. Daniel Moynihan,
U.S. ambassador to the UN. said that the U.S. wanted “things to
turn out as they did.” (1,2) The result was an estimated 200,000
dead out of a population of 700,000. (1,2)
Sixteen years later, on November
12, 1991, two hundred and seventeen East Timorese protesters in Dili,
many of them children, marching from a memorial service, were gunned
down by Indonesian Kopassus shock troops who were headed by U.S.- trained
commanders Prabowo Subianto (son in law of General Suharto) and Kiki
Syahnakri. Trucks were seen dumping bodies into the sea. (5)
El Salvador
The civil war from 1981 to1992
in El Salvador was financed by $6 billion in U.S. aid given to support
the government in its efforts to crush a movement to bring social justice
to the people in that nation of about 8 million people. (1)
During that time U.S. military advisers demonstrated methods of torture
on teenage prisoners, according to an interview with a deserter from
the Salvadoran army published in the New York Times. This former member
of the Salvadoran National Guard testified that he was a member of a
squad of twelve who found people who they were told were guerillas and
tortured them. Part of the training he received was in torture at a
U.S. location somewhere in Panama. (2)
About 900 villagers were
massacred in the village of El Mozote in 1981. Ten of the twelve El
Salvadoran government soldiers cited as participating in this act were
graduates of the School of the Americas operated by the U.S. (2) They
were only a small part of about 75,000 people killed during that civil
war. (1)
According to a 1993 United
Nations’ Truth Commission report, over 96 % of the human rights
violations carried out during the war were committed by the Salvadoran
army or the paramilitary deaths squads associated with the Salvadoran
army. (3)
That commission linked graduates
of the School of the Americas to many notorious killings. The New York
Times and the Washington Post followed with scathing articles. In 1996,
the White House Oversight Board issued a report that supported many
of the charges against that school made by Rev. Roy Bourgeois, head
of the School of the Americas Watch. That same year the Pentagon released
formerly classified reports indicating that graduates were trained in
killing, extortion, and physical abuse for interrogations, false imprisonment
and other methods of control. (4)
Grenada
The CIA began to destabilize
Grenada in 1979 after Maurice Bishop became president, partially because
he refused to join the quarantine of Cuba. The campaign against him
resulted in his overthrow and the invasion by the U.S. of Grenada on
October 25, 1983, with about 277 people dying. (1,2) It was fallaciously
charged that an airport was being built in Grenada that could be used
to attack the U.S. and it was also erroneously claimed that the lives
of American medical students on that island were in danger.
Guatemala
In 1951 Jacobo Arbenz was
elected president of Guatemala. He appropriated some unused land operated
by the United Fruit Company and compensated the company. (1,2) That
company then started a campaign to paint Arbenz as a tool of an international
conspiracy and hired about 300 mercenaries who sabotaged oil supplies
and trains. (3) In 1954 a CIA-orchestrated coup put him out of office
and he left the country. During the next 40 years various regimes killed
thousands of people.
In 1999 the Washington Post
reported that an Historical Clarification Commission concluded that
over 200,000 people had been killed during the civil war and that there
had been 42,000 individual human rights violations, 29,000 of them fatal,
92% of which were committed by the army. The commission further reported
that the U.S. government and the CIA had pressured the Guatemalan government
into suppressing the guerilla movement by ruthless means. (4,5)
According to the Commission
between 1981 and 1983 the military government of Guatemala – financed
and supported by the U.S. government – destroyed some four hundred
Mayan villages in a campaign of genocide. (4)
One of the documents made available to the commission was a 1966 memo
from a U.S. State Department official, which described how a “safe
house” was set up in the palace for use by Guatemalan security
agents and their U.S. contacts. This was the headquarters for the Guatemalan
“dirty war” against leftist insurgents and suspected allies.
(2)
Haiti
From 1957 to 1986 Haiti was
ruled by Papa Doc Duvalier and later by his son. During that time their
private terrorist force killed between 30,000 and 100,000 people. (1)
Millions of dollars in CIA subsidies flowed into Haiti during that time,
mainly to suppress popular movements, (2) although most American military
aid to the country, according to William Blum, was covertly channeled
through Israel.
Reportedly, governments after
the second Duvalier reign were responsible for an even larger number
of fatalities, and the influence on Haiti by the U.S., particularly
through the CIA, has continued. The U.S. later forced out of the presidential
office a black Catholic priest, Jean Bertrand Aristide, even though
he was elected with 67% of the vote in the early 1990s. The wealthy
white class in Haiti opposed him in this predominantly black nation,
because of his social programs designed to help the poor and end corruption.
(3) Later he returned to office, but that did not last long. He was
forced by the U.S. to leave office and now lives in South Africa.
Honduras
In the 1980s the CIA supported
Battalion 316 in Honduras, which kidnapped, tortured and killed hundreds
of its citizens. Torture equipment and manuals were provided by CIA
Argentinean personnel who worked with U.S. agents in the training of
the Hondurans. Approximately 400 people lost their lives. (1,2) This
is another instance of torture in the world sponsored by the U.S. (3)
Battalion 316 used shock
and suffocation devices in interrogations in the 1980s. Prisoners often
were kept naked and, when no longer useful, killed and buried in unmarked
graves. Declassified documents and other sources show that the CIA and
the U.S. Embassy knew of numerous crimes, including murder and torture,
yet continued to support Battalion 316 and collaborate with its leaders.”
(4)
Honduras was a staging ground
in the early 1980s for the Contras who were trying to overthrow the
socialist Sandinista government in Nicaragua. John D. Negroponte, currently
Deputy Secretary of State, was our embassador when our military aid
to Honduras rose from $4 million to $77.4 million per year. Negroponte
denies having had any knowledge of these atrocities during his tenure.
However, his predecessor in that position, Jack R. Binns, had reported
in 1981 that he was deeply concerned at increasing evidence of officially
sponsored/sanctioned assassinations. (5)
Hungary
In 1956 Hungary, a Soviet
satellite nation, revolted against the Soviet Union. During the uprising
broadcasts by the U.S. Radio Free Europe into Hungary sometimes took
on an aggressive tone, encouraging the rebels to believe that Western
support was imminent, and even giving tactical advice on how to fight
the Soviets. Their hopes were raised then dashed by these broadcasts
which cast an even darker shadow over the Hungarian tragedy.“
(1) The Hungarian and Soviet death toll was about 3,000 and the revolution
was crushed. (2)
Indonesia
In 1965, in Indonesia, a
coup replaced General Sukarno with General Suharto as leader. The U.S.
played a role in that change of government. Robert Martens,a former
officer in the U.S. embassy in Indonesia, described how U.S. diplomats
and CIA officers provided up to 5,000 names to Indonesian Army death
squads in 1965 and checked them off as they were killed or captured.
Martens admitted that “I probably have a lot of blood on my hands,
but that’s not all bad. There’s a time when you have to
strike hard at a decisive moment.” (1,2,3) Estimates of the number
of deaths range from 500,000 to 3 million. (4,5,6)
From 1993 to 1997 the U.S. provided Jakarta with almost $400 million
in economic aid and sold tens of million of dollars of weaponry to that
nation. U.S. Green Berets provided training for the Indonesia’s
elite force which was responsible for many of atrocities in East Timor.
(3)
Iran
Iran lost about 262,000 people
in the war against Iraq from 1980 to 1988. (1) See Iraq for more information
about that war.
On July 3, 1988 the U.S.
Navy ship, the Vincennes, was operating withing Iranian waters providing
military support for Iraq during the Iran-Iraq war. During a battle
against Iranian gunboats it fired two missiles at an Iranian Airbus,
which was on a routine civilian flight. All 290 civilian on board were
killed. (2,3)
Iraq
A. The Iraq-Iran War lasted
from 1980 to 1988 and during that time there were about 105,000 Iraqi
deaths according to the Washington Post. (1,2)
According to Howard Teicher,
a former National Security Council official, the U.S. provided the Iraqis
with billions of dollars in credits and helped Iraq in other ways such
as making sure that Iraq had military equipment including biological
agents This surge of help for Iraq came as Iran seemed to be winning
the war and was close to Basra. (1) The U.S. was not adverse to both
countries weakening themselves as a result of the war, but it did not
appear to want either side to win.
B: The U.S.-Iraq
War and the Sanctions Against Iraq extended from 1990 to 2003.
Iraq invaded Kuwait on August
2, 1990 and the U.S. responded by demanding that Iraq withdraw, and
four days later the U.N. levied international sanctions.
Iraq had reason to believe
that the U.S. would not object to its invasion of Kuwait, since U.S.
Ambassador to Iraq, April Glaspie, had told Saddam Hussein that the
U.S. had no position on the dispute that his country had with Kuwait.
So the green light was given, but it seemed to be more of a trap.
As a part of the public relations
strategy to energize the American public into supporting an attack against
Iraq the daughter of the Kuwaiti ambassador to the U.S. falsely testified
before Congress that Iraqi troops were pulling the plugs on incubators
in Iraqi hospitals. (1) This contributed to a war frenzy in the U.S.
The U.S. air assault started
on January 17, 1991 and it lasted for 42 days. On February 23 President
H.W. Bush ordered the U.S. ground assault to begin. The invasion took
place with much needless killing of Iraqi military personnel. Only about
150 American military personnel died compared to about 200,000 Iraqis.
Some of the Iraqis were mercilessly killed on the Highway of Death and
about 400 tons of depleted uranium were left in that nation by the U.S.
(2,3)
Other deaths later were from
delayed deaths due to wounds, civilians killed, those killed by effects
of damage of the Iraqi water treatment facilities and other aspects
of its damaged infrastructure and by the sanctions.
In 1995 the Food and Agriculture
Organization of the U.N. reported that U.N sanctions against on Iraq
had been responsible for the deaths of more than 560,000 children since
1990. (5)
Leslie Stahl on the TV Program
60 Minutes in 1996 mentioned to Madeleine Albright, U.S. Ambassador
to the U.N. “We have heard that a half million children have died.
I mean, that’s more children than died in Hiroshima. And - and
you know, is the price worth it?” Albright replied “I think
this is a very hard choice, but the price – we think is worth
it.” (4)
In 1999 UNICEF reported that
5,000 children died each month as a result of the sanction and the War
with the U.S. (6)
Richard Garfield later estimated
that the more likely number of excess deaths among children under five
years of age from 1990 through March 1998 to be 227,000 – double
those of the previous decade. Garfield estimated that the numbers to
be 350,000 through 2000 (based in part on result of another study).
(7)
However, there are limitations
to his study. His figures were not updated for the remaining three years
of the sanctions. Also, two other somewhat vulnerable age groups were
not studied: young children above the age of five and the elderly.
All of these reports were
considerable indicators of massive numbers of deaths which the U.S.
was aware of and which was a part of its strategy to cause enough pain
and terror among Iraqis to cause them to revolt against their government.
C: Iraq-U.S. War
started in 2003 and has not been concluded
Just as the end of the Cold War emboldened the U.S. to attack Iraq in
1991 so the attacks of September 11, 2001 laid the groundwork for the
U.S. to launch the current war against Iraq. While in some other wars
we learned much later about the lies that were used to deceive us, some
of the deceptions that were used to get us into this war became known
almost as soon as they were uttered. There were no weapons of mass destruction,
we were not trying to promote democracy, we were not trying to save
the Iraqi people from a dictator.
The total number of Iraqi
deaths that are a result of our current Iraq against Iraq War is 654,000,
of which 600,000 are attributed to acts of violence, according to Johns
Hopkins researchers. (1,2)
Since these deaths are a
result of the U.S. invasion, our leaders must accept responsibility
for them.
Israeli-Palestinian
War
About 100,000 to 200,000
Israelis and Palestinians, but mostly the latter, have been killed in
the struggle between those two groups. The U.S. has been a strong supporter
of Israel, providing billions of dollars in aid and supporting its possession
of nuclear weapons. (1,2)
Korea, North and
South
The Korean War started in
1950 when, according to the Truman administration, North Korea invaded
South Korea on June 25th. However, since then another explanation has
emerged which maintains that the attack by North Korea came during a
time of many border incursions by both sides. South Korea initiated
most of the border clashes with North Korea beginning in 1948. The North
Korea government claimed that by 1949 the South Korean army committed
2,617 armed incursions. It was a myth that the Soviet Union ordered
North Korea to attack South Korea. (1,2)
The U.S. started its attack
before a U.N. resolution was passed supporting our nation’s intervention,
and our military forces added to the mayhem in the war by introducing
the use of napalm. (1)
During the war the bulk of
the deaths were South Koreans, North Koreans and Chinese. Four sources
give deaths counts ranging from 1.8 to 4.5 million. (3,4,5,6) Another
source gives a total of 4 million but does not identify to which nation
they belonged. (7)
John H. Kim, a U.S. Army
veteran and the Chair of the Korea Committee of Veterans for Peace,
stated in an article that during the Korean War “the U.S. Army,
Air Force and Navy were directly involved in the killing of about three
million civilians – both South and North Koreans – at many
locations throughout Korea…It is reported that the U.S. dropped
some 650,000 tons of bombs, including 43,000 tons of napalm bombs, during
the Korean War.” It is presumed that this total does not include
Chinese casualties.
Another source states a total
of about 500,000 who were Koreans and presumably only military. (8,9)
Laos
From 1965 to 1973 during
the Vietnam War the U.S. dropped over two million tons of bombs on Laos
– more than was dropped in WWII by both sides. Over a quarter
of the population became refugees. This was later called a “secret
war,” since it occurred at the same time as the Vietnam War, but
got little press. Hundreds of thousands were killed. Branfman make the
only estimate that I am aware of , stating that hundreds of thousands
died. This can be interpeted to mean that at least 200,000 died. (1,2,3)
U.S. military intervention
in Laos actually began much earlier. A civil war started in the 1950s
when the U.S. recruited a force of 40,000 Laotians to oppose the Pathet
Lao, a leftist political party that ultimately took power in 1975.
Also See Vietnam
Nepal
Between 8,000 and 12,000
Nepalese have died since a civil war broke out in 1996. The death rate,
according to Foreign Policy in Focus, sharply increased with the arrival
of almost 8,400 American M-16 submachine guns (950 rpm) and U.S. advisers.
Nepal is 85 percent rural and badly in need of land reform. Not surprisingly
42 % of its people live below the poverty level. (1,2)
In 2002, after another civil
war erupted, President George W. Bush pushed a bill through Congress
authorizing $20 million in military aid to the Nepalese government.
(3)
Nicaragua
In 1981 the Sandinistas overthrew
the Somoza government in Nicaragua, (1) and until 1990 about 25,000
Nicaraguans were killed in an armed struggle between the Sandinista
government and Contra rebels who were formed from the remnants of Somoza’s
national government. The use of assassination manuals by the Contras
surfaced in 1984. (2,3)
The U.S. supported the victorious
government regime by providing covert military aid to the Contras (anti-communist
guerillas) starting in November, 1981. But when Congress discovered
that the CIA had supervised acts of sabotage in Nicaragua without notifying
Congress, it passed the Boland Amendment in 1983 which prohibited the
CIA, Defense Department and any other government agency from providing
any further covert military assistance. (4)
But ways were found to get
around this prohibition. The National Security Council, which was not
explicitly covered by the law, raised private and foreign funds for
the Contras. In addition, arms were sold to Iran and the proceeds were
diverted from those sales to the Contras engaged in the insurgency against
the Sandinista government. (5) Finally, the Sandinistas were voted out
of office in 1990 by voters who thought that a change in leadership
would placate the U.S., which was causing misery to Nicaragua’s
citizenry by it support of the Contras.
Pakistan
In 1971 West Pakistan, an
authoritarian state supported by the U.S., brutally invaded East Pakistan.
The war ended after India, whose economy was staggering after admitting
about 10 million refugees, invaded East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) and
defeated the West Pakistani forces. (1)
Millions of people died during
that brutal struggle, referred to by some as genocide committed by West
Pakistan. That country had long been an ally of the U.S., starting with
$411 million provided to establish its armed forces which spent 80%
of its budget on its military. $15 million in arms flowed into W. Pakistan
during the war. (2,3,4)
Three sources estimate that
3 million people died and (5,2,6) one source estimates 1.5 million.
(3)
Panama
In December, 1989 U.S. troops
invaded Panama, ostensibly to arrest Manuel Noriega, that nation’s
president. This was an example of the U.S. view that it is the master
of the world and can arrest anyone it wants to. For a number of years
before that he had worked for the CIA, but fell out of favor partially
because he was not an opponent of the Sandinistas in Nicaragua. (1)
It has been estimated that between 500 and 4,000 people died. (2,3,4)
Paraguay: See South
America: Operation Condor
Philippines
The Philippines were under
the control of the U.S. for over a hundred years. In about the last
50 to 60 years the U.S. has funded and otherwise helped various Philippine
governments which sought to suppress the activities of groups working
for the welfare of its people. In 1969 the Symington Committee in the
U.S. Congress revealed how war material was sent there for a counter-insurgency
campaign. U.S. Special Forces and Marines were active in some combat
operations. The estimated number of persons that were executed and disappeared
under President Fernando Marcos was over 100,000. (1,2)
South America: Operation
Condor
This was a joint operation
of 6 despotic South American governments (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil,
Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay) to share information about their political
opponents. An estimated 13,000 people were killed under this plan. (1)
It was established on November
25, 1975 in Chile by an act of the Interamerican Reunion on Military
Intelligence. According to U.S. embassy political officer, John Tipton,
the CIA and the Chilean Secret Police were working together, although
the CIA did not set up the operation to make this collaboration work.
Reportedly, it ended in 1983. (2)
On March 6, 2001 the New
York Times reported the existence of a recently declassified State Department
document revealing that the United States facilitated communications
for Operation Condor. (3)
Sudan
Since 1955, when it gained
its independence, Sudan has been involved most of the time in a civil
war. Until about 2003 approximately 2 million people had been killed.
It not known if the death toll in Darfur is part of that total.
Human rights groups have
complained that U.S. policies have helped to prolong the Sudanese civil
war by supporting efforts to overthrow the central government in Khartoum.
In 1999 U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright met with the leader
of the Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA) who said that she
offered him food supplies if he would reject a peace plan sponsored
by Egypt and Libya.
In 1978 the vastness of Sudan’s
oil reservers was discovered and within two years it became the sixth
largest recipient of U.S, military aid. It’s reasonable to assume
that if the U.S. aid a government to come to power it will feel obligated
to give the U.S. part of the oil pie.
A British group, Christian
Aid, has accused foreign oil companies of complicity in the depopulation
of villages. These companies – not American – receive government
protection and in turn allow the government use of its airstrips and
roads.
In August 1998 the U.S. bombed
Khartoum, Sudan with 75 cruise míssiles. Our government said
that the target was a chemical weapons factory owned by Osama bin Laden.
Actually, bin Laden was no longer the owner, and the plant had been
the sole supplier of pharmaceutical supplies for that poor nation. As
a result of the bombing tens of thousands may have died because of the
lack of medicines to treat malaria, tuberculosis and other diseases.
The U.S. settled a lawsuit filed by the factory’s owner. (1,2)
Uruguay: See South
America: Operation Condor
Vietnam
In Vietnam, under an agreement
several decades ago, there was supposed to be an election for a unified
North and South Vietnam. The U.S. opposed this and supported the Diem
government in South Vietnam. In August, 1964 the CIA and others helped
fabricate a phony Vietnamese attack on a U.S. ship in the Gulf of Tonkin
and this was used as a pretext for greater U.S. involvement in Vietnam.
(1)
During that war an American
assassination operation,called Operation Phoenix, terrorized the South
Vietnamese people, and during the war American troops were responsible
in 1968 for the mass slaughter of the people in the village of My Lai.
According to a Vietnamese
government statement in 1995 the number of deaths of civilians and military
personnel during the Vietnam War was 5.1 million. (2)
Since deaths in Cambodia
and Laos were about 2.7 million (See Cambodia and Laos) the estimated
total for the Vietnam War is 7.8 million.
The Virtual Truth Commission
provides a total for the war of 5 million, (3) and Robert McNamara,
former Secretary Defense, according to the New York Times Magazine says
that the number of Vietnamese dead is 3.4 million. (4,5)
Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia was a socialist
federation of several republics. Since it refused to be closely tied
to the Soviet Union during the Cold War, it gained some suport from
the U.S. But when the Soviet Union dissolved, Yugoslavia’s usefulness
to the U.S. ended, and the U.S and Germany worked to convert its socialist
economy to a capitalist one by a process primarily of dividing and conquering.
There were ethnic and religious differences between various parts of
Yugoslavia which were manipulated by the U.S. to cause several wars
which resulted in the dissolution of that country.
From the early 1990s until
now Yugoslavia split into several independent nations whose lowered
income, along with CIA connivance, has made it a pawn in the hands of
capitalist countries. (1) The dissolution of Yugoslavia was caused primarily
by the U.S. (2)
Here are estimates of some,
if not all, of the internal wars in Yugoslavia. All wars: 107,000; (3,4)
Bosnia and Krajina: 250,000;
(5) Bosnia: 20,000 to 30,000; (5) Croatia: 15,000; (6) and
Kosovo: 500 to 5,000. (7)
NOTES
Afghanistan
1.Mark Zepezauer, Boomerang
(Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 2003), p.135.
2.Chronology of American
State Terrorism
http://www.intellnet.org/resources/american_
terrorism/ChronologyofTerror.html
3.Soviet War in Afghanistan
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_war_in_Afghanistan
4.Mark Zepezauer, The CIA’S
Greatest Hits (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1994), p.76
5.U.S Involvement in Afghanistan,
Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_war_in
Afghanistan)
6.The CIA's Intervention
in Afghanistan, Interview with Zbigniew Brzezinski, Le Nouvel Observateur,
Paris, 15-21 January 1998, Posted at globalresearch.ca 15 October 2001,
http://www.globalresearch.ca/articles/BRZ110A.html
7.William Blum, Rogue State
(Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 2000), p.5
8.Unknown News, http://www.unknownnews.net/casualtiesw.html
Angola
1.Howard W. French “From
Old Files, a New Story of the U.S. Role in the Angolan War” New
York Times 3/31/02
2.Angolan Update, American
Friends Service Committee FS, 11/1/99 flyer.
3.Norman Solomon, War Made
Easy, (John Wiley & Sons, 2005) p. 82-83.
4.Lance Selfa, U.S. Imperialism,
A Century of Slaughter, International Socialist Review Issue 7, Spring
1999 (as appears in Third world Traveler www. thirdworldtraveler.com/American_Empire/Century_Imperialism.html)
5. Jeffress Ramsay, Africa
, (Dushkin/McGraw Hill Guilford Connecticut), 1997, p. 144-145.
6.Mark Zepezauer, The CIA’S
Greatest Hits (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1994), p.54.
Argentina : See South America:
Operation Condor
Bolivia
1. Phil Gunson, Guardian,
5/6/02,
http://www.guardian.co.uk/archive
/article/0,4273,41-07884,00.html
2.Jerry Meldon, Return of
Bolilvia’s Drug – Stained Dictator, Consortium, www.consortiumnews.com/archives/story40.html.
Brazil See South America: Operation Condor
Cambodia
1.Virtual Truth Commissiion
http://www.geocities.com/~virtualtruth/
.
2.David Model, President
Richard Nixon, Henry Kissinger, and the Bombing of Cambodia excerpted
from the book Lying for Empire How to Commit War Crimes With A Straight
Face, Common Courage Press, 2005, paper http://thirdworldtraveler.com/American_Empire/Nixon_Cambodia_LFE.html.
3.Noam Chomsky, Chomsky on
Cambodia under Pol Pot, etc., http//zmag.org/forums/chomcambodforum.htm.
Chad
1.William Blum, Rogue State
(Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 2000), p. 151-152 .
2.Richard Keeble, Crimes
Against Humanity in Chad, Znet/Activism 12/4/06 http://www.zmag.org/content/print_article.cfm?itemID=11560§ionID=1).
Chile
1.Parenti, Michael, The Sword
and the Dollar (New York, St. Martin’s Press, 1989) p. 56.
2.William Blum, Rogue State
(Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 2000), p. 142-143.
3.Moreorless: Heroes and
Killers of the 20th Century, Augusto Pinochet Ugarte,
http://www.moreorless.au.com/killers/pinochet.html
4.Associated Press,Pincohet
on 91st Birthday, Takes Responsibility for Regimes’s Abuses, Dayton
Daily News 11/26/06
5.Chalmers Johnson, Blowback,
The Costs and Consequences of American Empire (New York: Henry Holt
and Company, 2000), p. 18.
China: See Korea
Colombia
1.Chronology of American
State Terrorism, p.2
http://www.intellnet.org/resources/american_terrorism/ChronologyofTerror.html).
2.William Blum, Rogue State
(Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 2000), p. 163.
3.Millions Killed by Imperialism
Washington Post May 6, 2002) http://www.etext.org./Politics/MIM/rail/impkills.html
4.Gabriella Gamini, CIA Set
Up Death Squads in Colombia Times Newspapers Limited, Dec. 5, 1996,
www.edu/CommunicationsStudies/ben/news/cia/961205.death.html).
5.Virtual Truth Commission,
1991
Human Rights Watch Report:
Colombia’s Killer Networks--The Military-Paramilitary Partnership).
Cuba
1.St. James Encyclopedia
of Popular Culture – on Bay of Pigs Invasion http://bookrags.com/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion.
2.Wikipedia http://bookrags.com/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion#Casualties.
Democratic Republic of Congo (Formerly Zaire)
1.F. Jeffress Ramsey, Africa
(Guilford Connecticut, 1997), p. 85
2. Anup Shaw The Democratic
Republic of Congo, 10/31/2003) http://www.globalissues.org/Geopolitics/Africa/DRC.asp)
3.Kevin Whitelaw, A Killing
in Congo, U. S. News and World Report http://www.usnews.com/usnews/doubleissue/mysteries/patrice.htm
4.William Blum, Killing Hope
(Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1995), p 158-159.
5.Ibid.,p. 260
6.Ibid.,p. 259
7.Ibid.,p.262
8.David Pickering, “World
War in Africa, 6/26/02,
www.9-11peace.org/bulletin.php3
9.William D. Hartung and
Bridget Moix, Deadly Legacy; U.S. Arms to Africa and the Congo War,
Arms Trade Resource Center, January , 2000 www.worldpolicy.org/projects/arms/reports/congo.htm
Dominican Republic
1.Norman Solomon, (untitled)
Baltimore Sun April 26, 2005
http://www.globalpolicy.org/empire/history/2005/0426spincycle.htm
Intervention Spin Cycle
2.Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Power_Pack
3.William Blum, Killing Hope
(Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1995), p. 175.
4.Mark Zepezauer, The CIA’S
Greatest Hits (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1994), p.26-27.
East Timor
1.Virtual Truth Commission,
http://www.geocities.com/~virtualtruth/date4.htm
2.Matthew Jardine, Unraveling
Indonesia, Nonviolent Activist, 1997)
3.Chronology of American
State Terrorism http://www.intellnet.org/resources/american_terrorism/ChronologyofTerror.html
4.William Blum, Killing Hope
(Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1995), p. 197.
5.US trained butchers of
Timor, The Guardian, London. Cited by The Drudge Report, September 19,
1999. http://www.geocities.com/~virtualtruth/indon.htm
El Salvador
1.Robert T. Buckman, Latin
America 2003, (Stryker-Post Publications Baltimore 2003) p. 152-153.
2.William Blum, Rogue State
(Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 2000), p. 54-55.
3.El Salvador, Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador#The_20th_century_and_beyond)
4.Virtual Truth Commissiion
http://www.geocities.com/~virtualtruth/.
Grenada
1.Mark Zepezauer, The CIA’S
Greatest Hits (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1994), p. 66-67.
2.Stephen Zunes, The U.S.
Invasion of Grenada, http://wwwfpif.org/papers/grenada2003.html
.
Guatemala
1.Virtual Truth Commissiion
http://www.geocities.com/~virtualtruth/
2.Ibid.
3.Mark Zepezauer, The CIA’S
Greatest Hits (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1994), p.2-13.
4.Robert T. Buckman, Latin
America 2003 (Stryker-Post Publications Baltimore 2003) p. 162.
5.Douglas Farah, Papers Show
U.S. Role in Guatemalan Abuses, Washington Post Foreign Service, March
11, 1999, A 26
Haiti
1.Francois Duvalier, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Duvalier#Reign_of_terror).
2.Mark Zepezauer, The CIA’S
Greatest Hits (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1994), p 87.
3.William Blum, Haiti 1986-1994:
Who Will Rid Me of This Turbulent Priest, http://www.doublestandards.org/blum8.html
Honduras
1.William Blum, Rogue State
(Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 2000), p. 55.
2.Reports by Country: Honduras,
Virtual Truth Commission http://www.geocities.com/~virtualtruth/honduras.htm
3.James A. Lucas, Torture
Gets The Silence Treatment, Countercurrents, July 26, 2004.
4.Gary Cohn and Ginger Thompson,
Unearthed: Fatal Secrets, Baltimore Sun, reprint of a series that appeared
June 11-18, 1995 in Jack Nelson-Pallmeyer, School of Assassins, p. 46
Orbis Books 2001.
5.Michael Dobbs, Negroponte’s
Time in Honduras at Issue, Washington Post, March 21, 2005
Hungary
1.Edited by Malcolm Byrne,
The 1956 Hungarian Revoluiton: A history in Documents November 4, 2002
http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB76/index2.htm
2.Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia,
http://www.answers.com/topic/hungarian-revolution-of-1956
Indonesia
1.Virtual Truth Commission
http://www.geocities.com/~virtualtruth/.
2.Editorial, Indonesia’s
Killers, The Nation, March 30, 1998.
3.Matthew Jardine, Indonesia
Unraveling, Non Violent Activist Sept–Oct, 1997 (Amnesty) 2/7/07.
4.Sison, Jose Maria, Reflections
on the 1965 Massacre in Indonesia, p. 5. http://qc.indymedia.org/mail.php?id=5602;
5.Annie Pohlman, Women and
the Indonesian Killings of 1965-1966: Gender Variables and Possible
Direction for Research, p.4, http://coombs.anu.edu.au/SpecialProj/ASAA/biennial-conference/2004/Pohlman-A-ASAA.pdf
6.Peter Dale Scott, The United
States and the Overthrow of Sukarno, 1965-1967, Pacific Affairs, 58,
Summer 1985, pages 239-264. http://www.namebase.org/scott.
7.Mark Zepezauer, The CIA’S
Greatest Hits (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1994), p.30.
Iran
1.Geoff Simons, Iraq from
Sumer to Saddam, 1996, St. Martins Press, NY p. 317.
2.Chronology of American
State Terrorism http://www.intellnet.org/resources/american_terrorism/ChronologyofTerror.html.
3.BBC 1988: US Warship Shoots
Down Iranian Airliner http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/default.stm
)
Iraq
Iran-Iraq War
1.Michael Dobbs, U.S. Had
Key role in Iraq Buildup, Washington Post December 30, 2002, p A01 http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A52241-2002Dec29?language=printer
2.Global Security.Org , Iran
Iraq War (1980-1980) globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/iran-iraq.htm.
U.S. Iraq War and
Sanctions
1.Ramsey Clark, The Fire
This Time (New York, Thunder’s Mouth), 1994, p.31-32
2.Ibid., p. 52-54
3.Ibid., p. 43
4.Anthony Arnove, Iraq Under
Siege, (South End Press Cambridge MA 2000). p. 175.
5.Food and Agricultural Organizaiton,
The Children are Dying, 1995 World View Forum, Internationa Action Center,
International Relief Association, p. 78
6.Anthony Arnove, Iraq Under
Siege, South End Press Cambridge MA 2000. p. 61.
7.David Cortright, A Hard
Look at Iraq Sanctions December 3, 2001, The Nation.
U.S-Iraq War 2003-?
1.Jonathan Bor 654,000 Deaths
Tied to Iraq War Baltimore Sun , October 11,2006
2.News http://www.unknownnews.net/casualties.html
Israeli-Palestinian
War
1.Post-1967 Palestinian &
Israeli Deaths from Occupation & Violence May 16, 2006 http://globalavoidablemortality.blogspot.com/2006/05/post-1967-palestinian-israeli-deaths.html)
2.Chronology of American
State Terrorism
http://www.intellnet.org/resources/american_terrorism/ChronologyofTerror.html
Korea
1.James I. Matray Revisiting
Korea: Exposing Myths of the Forgotten War, Korean War Teachers Conference:
The Korean War, February 9, 2001 http://www.truman/library.org/Korea/matray1.htm
2.William Blum, Killing Hope
(Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1995), p. 46
3.Kanako Tokuno, Chinese
Winter Offensive in Korean War – the Debacle of American Strategy,
ICE Case Studies Number 186, May, 2006 http://www.american.edu/ted/ice/chosin.htm.
4.John G. Stroessinger, Why
Nations go to War, (New York; St. Martin’s Press), p. 99)
5.Britannica Concise Encyclopedia,
as reported in Answers.com http://www.answers.com/topic/Korean-war
6.Exploring the Environment:
Korean Enigma www.cet.edu/ete/modules/korea/kwar.html)
7.S. Brian Wilson, Who are
the Real Terrorists? Virtual Truth Commisson http://www.geocities.com/~virtualtruth/
8.Korean War Casualty Statistics
www.century
china.com/history/krwarcost.html)
9.S. Brian Wilson, Documenting
U.S. War Crimes in North Korea (Veterans for Peace Newsletter) Spring,
2002) http://www.veteransforpeace.org/
Laos
1.William Blum Rogue State
(Maine, Common Cause Press) p. 136
2.Chronology of American
State Terrorism http://www.intellnet.org/resources/american_terrorism/ChronologyofTerror.html
3.Fred Branfman, War Crimes
in Indochina and our Troubled National Soul
www.wagingpeace.org/articles/2004/08/00_branfman_us-warcrimes-indochina.htm).
Nepal
1.Conn Hallinan, Nepal &
the Bush Administration: Into Thin Air, February 3, 2004
fpif.org/commentary/2004/0402nepal.html.
2.Human Rights Watch, Nepal’s
Civil War: the Conflict Resumes, March 2006 )
http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/03/28/nepal13078.htm.
3.Wayne Madsen, Possible
CIA Hand in the Murder of the Nepal Royal Family, India Independent
Media Center, September 25, 2001 http://india.indymedia.org/en/2002/09/2190.shtml.
Nicaragua
1.Virtual Truth Commission
http://www.geocities.com/~virtualtruth/.
2.Timeline Nicaragua
www.stanford.edu/group/arts/nicaragua/discovery_eng/timeline/).
3.Chronology of American
State Terrorism,
http://www.intellnet.org/resources/american_terrorism/ChronologyofTerror.html.
4.William Blum, Nicaragua
1981-1990 Destabilization in Slow Motion
www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Blum/Nicaragua_KH.html.
5.Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran-Contra_Affair.
Pakistan
1.John G. Stoessinger, Why
Nations Go to War, (New York: St. Martin’s Press), 1974 pp 157-172.
2.Asad Ismi, A U.S. –
Financed Military Dictatorship, The CCPA Monitor, June 2002, Canadian
Centre for Policy Alternatives http://www.policyaltematives.ca)
www.ckln.fm/~asadismi/pakistan.html
3.Mark Zepezauer, Boomerang
(Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 2003), p.123, 124.
4.Arjum Niaz ,When America
Look the Other Way by,
www.zmag.org/content/print_article.cfm?itemID=2821§ionID=1
5.Leo Kuper, Genocide (Yale
University Press, 1981), p. 79.
6.Bangladesh Liberation War
, Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War#USA_and_USSR)
Panama
1.Mark Zepezauer, The CIA’s
Greatest Hits, (Odonian Press 1998) p. 83.
2.William Blum, Rogue State
(Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 2000), p.154.
3.U.S. Military Charged with
Mass Murder, The Winds 9/96, www.apfn.org/thewinds/archive/war/a102896b.html
4.Mark Zepezauer, CIA’S
Greatest Hits (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1994), p.83.
Paraguay See South America:
Operation Condor
Philippines
1.Romeo T. Capulong, A Century
of Crimes Against the Filipino People, Presentation, Public Interest
Law Center, World Tribunal for Iraq Trial in New York City on August
25,2004.
http://www.peoplejudgebush.org/files/RomeoCapulong.pdf).
2.Roland B. Simbulan The
CIA in Manila - Covert Operations and the CIA’s Hidden Hisotry
in the Philippines Equipo Nizkor Information – Derechos, derechos.org/nizkor/filipinas/doc/cia.
South America: Operation
Condor
1.John Dinges, Pulling Back
the Veil on Condor, The Nation, July 24, 2000.
2.Virtual Truth Commission,
Telling the Truth for a Better America www.geocities.com/~virtualtruth/condor.htm)
3.Operation Condor http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Condor#US_involvement).
Sudan
1.Mark Zepezauer, Boomerang,
(Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 2003), p. 30, 32,34,36.
2.The Black Commentator,
Africa Action The Tale of Two Genocides: The Failed US Response to Rwanda
and Darfur, 11 August 2006 http://www.truthout.org/docs_2006/091706X.shtml.
Uruguay See South
America: Operation Condor
Vietnam
1.Mark Zepezauer, The CIA’S
Greatest Hits (Monroe, Maine:Common Courage Press,1994), p 24
2.Casualties – US vs
NVA/VC,
http://www.rjsmith.com/kia_tbl.html.
3.Brian Wilson, Virtual Truth
Commission
http://www.geocities.com/~virtualtruth/
4.Fred Branfman, U.S. War
Crimes in Indochiona and our Duty to Truth August 26, 2004
www.zmag.org/content/print_article.cfm?itemID=6105§ionID=1
5.David K Shipler, Robert
McNamara and the Ghosts of Vietnam nytimes.com/library/world/asia/081097vietnam-mcnamara.html
Yugoslavia
1.Sara Flounders, Bosnia
Tragedy:The Unknown Role of the Pentagon in NATO in the Balkans (New
York: International Action Center) p. 47-75
2.James A. Lucas, Media Disinformation
on the War in Yugoslavia: The Dayton Peace Accords Revisited, Global
Research, September 7, 2005 http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=
viewArticle&code=LUC20050907&articleId=899
3.Yugoslav Wars in 1990s
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_wars.
4.George Kenney, The Bosnia
Calculation: How Many Have Died? Not nearly as many as some would have
you think., NY Times Magazine, April 23, 1995
http://www.balkan-archive.org.yu/politics/
war_crimes/srebrenica/bosnia_numbers.html)
5.Chronology of American
State Terrorism
http://www.intellnet.org/resources/american_terrorism/
ChronologyofTerror.html.
6.Croatian War of Independence,
Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence
7.Human Rights Watch, New
Figures on Civilian Deaths in Kosovo War, (February 7, 2000) http://www.hrw.org/press/2000/02/nato207.htm.
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