Embed
With The Military
By David
Miller
April 04, 2003
Embedded journalists are the greatest PR coup of this war. Dreamt up
by the Pentagon and Donald Rumsfeld the 'embeds', as they are now routinely
described, are almost completely controlled by the military. Embeds
as is now well known agree to give up most of their autonomy in exchange
for access to the fighting on military terms. They also gain the advantage
the use of facilities such as transport and accommodation. Reporters
who are not embedded are pointedly denied such facilities. Most importantly
embeds are afforded protection from physical harm by the military. So
far in this war the main danger for journalists has come from western
military. So the protection on offer is more of a threat than a reassurance
for independent reporters.
Each embedded reporter has
to sign a contract with the military and is governed by a fifty point
plan issued by the Pentagon detailing what they can and cannot report.
The list of what they can report is significantly shorter than the list
of what they cannot.
According to reports there
are 903 embedded reporters including 136 with UK forces. There are none
embedded with the small contingents of other nations such as the Australian
military. Only 20% of reporters embedded with the US are from outside
the US and 128 of the embed with UK forces are from the UK. Even countries
with military involvement such as Australia have very little access
to the embedding system with only two reporters embedded with US forces.
French journalists in particular have complained about being excluded.
The Anglo American dominance of the reporters is no accident, but a
key part of the strategy.
The PR genius of the embed
system is that it does allow unprecedented access to the fighting and,
also, unprecedented identification by the reporters with the military.
British minister of Defence Geoff Hoon has claimed: 'I think the coverage
is more graphic, more real, than any other coverage we have ever seen
of a conflict in our history. For the first time it is possible with
technology for journalists to report in real time on events in the battlefield.'
It is certainly true to say that it is new to see footage of war so
up-close, but, it is a key part of the propaganda war to claim that
this makes it 'real'. In fact, the aim of the embedding system is to
control what is reported by encouraging journalists to identify with
their units. To eat and drink together, to risk danger and to share
the same values. Ted Koppel of US network ABC, told The Washington Post
that his feelings towards the soldiers were 'very, very warm'.
This identification with
the soldiers works to ensure self censorship is generally effective.
Phillip Rochot a respected reporter for France 2, currently working
independently in Iraq Embedded journalists do a fair amount of
voluntary self-censorship, controlling what they say. In any case their
views are closely aligned with the anglo-american position. They are
soldiers of information, marching with the troops and the political
direction of their country. They wont say anything wrong, they
feel duty-bound to defend the anglo-american cause in this war.
Christina Lamb of the London Times agrees that embedded journalists
are: ' giving a more positive side, because they're with the troops
and they're not out in the streets or out in the countryside seeing
what's actually happening there.' Hoon has himself acknowledged the
effect of this reporting in appearing to reduce opposition to the war
in the first days: The imagery they broadcast is at least partially
responsible for the public's change of mood.
But towards the end of the
first week of the war US and UK officials started to mutter about too
much access and claimed that it was the pressure of 24hr coverage which
was circulating misinformation. Both US and UK military sources blamed
embedded reporters and the pressure of 24 hour news cycles for circulating
misinformation. This is a straightforward propaganda manoeuvre designed
to distract attention from the fact that the false stories have all
been authorised by military command structures and also to warn journalists
not to get out of line. The proof that this is propaganda is that they
are not proposing to change the embed system which has served them very
well.
Some embedded reporters fell
over themselves to explain that they only reported what the military
allow them to. Late at night with very few people watching Richard Gaisford
an embedded BBC reporter said 'If we ran everything that we heard in
the camp then certainly there would be a lot of misinformation going
around. We have to check each story we have with them. And if they're
not sure at the immediate level above us - that's the Captain who's
our media liaison officer - he will check with the Colonel who is obviously
above him and then they will check with Brigade headquarters as well.'
This open acknowledgement
of the system of control is rare and was provoked by official criticism.
It illustrates the tight censorship imposed by the military but not
acknowledged in US or UK reporting. News bulletins in the UK are full
of warnings about Iraqi 'monitoring' and 'restrictions' on movement
in reports from Baghdad. The closest that they get to this on the UK/US
side is to note that journalists cannot report on where they are and
other security details. In fact the embed controls are, if anything,
stricter than the system imposed by the Iraqi regime.
Gaisford's comments is also
interesting for the acknowledgement it makes that reporters are actually
fully integrated into military commands structures. This complements
the identification revealed by phrases such as 'we' and 'our' in reports
of military action. Reference to the 'level above' as the press officer
does indicate a fundamental subordination to military propaganda needs.
But this is hardly surprising since the contract that reporters sign
explicitly requires reporters to 'follow the direction and orders of
the Government' and prohibits them from suing for injury or death even
where this 'is caused or contributed to' by the military.
The unprecedented access
is the carrot, but the stick is always on hand. Two embedded journalists
who have allegedly strayed over the line have been expelled and during
the second weekend of the war 'many embedded reporters found their satellite
phones blocked for unexplained reasons'. Moreover, - and much less discussed
in the global media, with the military a rung above the journalists'
in the command hierarchy. Some embeds are, according to Christian Lowe
of US military magazine Army Times, being 'hounded by military public
affairs officers who follow their every move and look over their shoulders
as they interview aviators, sailors, and maintainers for their stories.'
Each military division in
the gulf has 40 to 60 embedded journalists, and between five and six
public affairs officers 'behind the scenes'. They report up to the Coalition
Press Information Center (CPIC) in Kuwait and the $1 million press centre
at CentCom in Doha. From there the message is co-ordinated by the Office
of Global Communications in the White-house in consort with Alastair
Campbell, Blair's top spin doctor in Downing Street. The fanciful notion
that the misinformation of the first weeks of the campaign were been
due to journalists having conversations with 'a squaddie who's shining
his boots', as a British MoD official spun it, is itself a key part
of the propaganda war. All of the myriad misinformation coming out of
Iraq in the first two weeks has been fed out by the US/UK global media
operation. As one reporter in Doha noted 'At General Tommy Frankss
headquarters, it is easy to work out whether the days news is
good or bad. When there are positive developments, press officers prowl
the corridors of the press centre dispensing upbeat reports from pre-prepared
scripts, declaring Iraqi towns have been liberated and that humanitarian
aid is about to be delivered. Yet if American and British troops have
suffered any sort of battlefield reverse, the spin doctors retreat into
their officers at press centre and await instructions from London and
Washington.'
The threat to independent
reporting
If the embeds have been an
opportunity, the Pentagon and British military have seen independent
journalists as s threat. There have been a stream of reports of hostility,
threats and violence against independent reporters. UNESCO, The International
Federation of Journalists, Reporters Sans Frontieres and the British
National Union of Journalists have all condemned these threats. Some
have been subtle and others less so. On the ground and away from the
cameras the threats are pointed and can include violence as several
journalists have already found out. The subtle threats include those
made by British Ministers such as Defence Secretary Geoff Hoon: 'one
of the reasons for having journalists [embedded] is to prevent precisely
the kind of tragedy that occurred to an ITN crew very recently when
a well known, hard working, courageous journalist was killed essentially
because he was not part of a military organisation. Because he was trying
to get a story. And in those circumstances we can't look after all those
journalists on this kind of fast moving battlefield. So having journalists
have the protection, in fact, of our armed forces is both good for journalism,
[and] it's also very good for people watching.'
Here, Hoon takes on all the
charm and authority of a Mafia boss explaining the benefits of a protection
racket. The message is clear : stay embedded and report what you are
told or face the consequences.
David Miller is a member
of the Stirling Media Research Institute, Scotland. [email protected]