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Apology To The Earth For Nuclear Bombs
And War

By Mary Hamer, M.D

04 January, 2010
Countercurrents.org

Trilogy Part III.

PURPOSE: This Apology to the Earth essay Part III explores the negative impact of humans on the Earth by Nuclear Technology & War. Apology to the Earth Parts 1 & 2 focused on Human Cruelty to Animals & Humans, respectively. (1) (2) The key sections of the Part III Nuclear Technology discussion are: Nuclear Bombs, Hiroshima & Nagasaki , Nuclear Power, Nuclear Waste, Radiocide, Nuclear Waste Marker Systems, Nuclear Accidents, Radiation Sickness, Nuclear Bomb Testing & Earthquakes & Nuclear Language. The main sections of the War discussion are: Ecological Footprint of War, Negative Consequences of War & Ecocide.  The Conclusion section includes the Apology, a Recommendation for World Peace, a Thank you to South Africa & Comments on Human Motivations for Nuclear Technology & War.

I. NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY

*NUCLEAR BOMBS, etc.

Trinity: On July 16 th  1945 at 5:29 AM in the New Mexico desert, the human race exploded the first nuclear bomb on the planet Earth called Trinity.  Einstein said: “I made one great mistake in my life … When I signed the letter to President Roosevelt recommending that atom bombs be made”. (3) In my opinion, man-made nuclear technology was the worst event of all time for life & the planet Earth. Humans say they are the Superior species; Yet in my opinion, the invention of nuclear bombs, nuclear power plant-generated nuclear waste & other nuclear technology makes humans the most Violent & Irresponsible species of all. Nuclear bombs, nuclear testing, nuclear power & depleted uranium threaten world peace & they are polluting the Earth in a severe, widespread, expanding, & long-term manner.

* HIROSHIMA & NAGASAKI : OPPOSITION TO THE ATOMIC BOMBING:

“The role of the bombings in Japan 's surrender & the United States ' ethical justification for them has been the subject of scholarly & popular debate”. Those who oppose the bombings argue that it was … “Militarily unnecessary, … immoral, a war crime, or a form of state terrorism”. (4) *Wikipedia outlines the Opposition to the Hiroshima & Nagasaki Atomic Bombings including the following categories: Fundamentally Immoral, The Bombings as War Crimes, State Terrorism, Militarily Unnecessary, Nagasaki Bombing Unnecessary, Racism & Dehumanization. ( 5)

*Eisenhower stated: “ Japan was already defeated & … dropping the bomb was completely unnecessary … Our country should avoid shocking world opinion by the use of a weapon whose employment was … no longer mandatory as a measure to save American lives”. (6)

*Genocide: Were the Hiroshima & Nagasaki atomic bombings a form of genocide? – Whereby genocide is defined by the United Nations as: “Acts committed with (the) intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group” (7)

*War Crimes: Szilard states: “Suppose Germany had dropped one bomb say on Rochester & the other on Buffalo … Can anyone doubt we would then have defined the dropping of atomic bombs on cities as a war crime & that we would have sentenced the Germans … to death at Nuremberg & hanged them?” (8) War crimes are defined as: “Violations of the laws or customs of war”, including “Murder” & “The wanton destruction of cities, towns & villages” (9)

*Racism: President Truman's Diary entry on 8/11/45 states: ‘The only language they (the Japanese) seem to understand is the one we have been using to bombard them. When you have to deal with a beast you have to treat them like a beast”. (10) Racism is defined as: “The prejudice that members of one race are … superior to members of other races” & “Abusive behavior towards members of another race”. (11)

*Ego: Was the U.S. ego the cause for the bombings: -- for the Shock & Awe effect on Russia ? Selden states: “Impressing Russia (with the atomic bomb) was more important than ending the war (with) Japan ”. (12)

*Just War Principles: Did the U.S. follow “Just War” principles for the atomic bombing of Hiroshima & Nagasaki including Right conduct during War such as: Avoiding bombing civilian residential areas, Avoiding excessive civilian injuries, & Using minimum force. (13)

*The Bomb that Saved Lives: The U.S. military believed that the bombing of Hiroshima & Nagasaki would “Save Lives”. The truth is that these bombs that “Saved lives”: Acutely killed 90,000 -166,000 Japanese people in Hiroshima & 60,000 - 80,000 people in Nagasaki . (14)

*NUCLEAR POWER: DIRTY, EXPENSIVE & NOT SO GREEN & YES NUCLEAR POWER DOES CONTRIBUTE TO GLOBAL WARMING:

1. *Nuclear Power is Not Clean or Green: Helen Caldicott states: “Not only is atomic energy inefficient, but it adds to greenhouse gas emissions while releasing deadly radiation for countless generations”. (15)

2. Nuclear Power Uses Fossil Fuels: Helen Caldicott states in her article: Nuclear power is the Problem, Not a solution: “The nuclear fuel cycle uses large quantities of fossil fuel at all of it's stages –The mining & milling of uranium, the construction of the nuclear reactor & cooling towers, robotic decommissioning of the intensely radioactive reactor at the end of it's…lifetime, & transportation & long-term storage of massive quantities of radioactive waste”. Caldicott summarizes: “Contrary to the nuclear industry's propaganda, nuclear power is therefore not green & it is certainly not clean”. (16)

3. Nuclear Power is Expensive: The costs of nuclear electrical power are 10-15 cents/kWh compared to 5-12 cents/kWh for wind electrical power & 6-8.3 cents/kWh for coal electrical power. (17) “A new study puts the generation costs for power from new nuclear power plants at 25 to 30 cents/kWh – triple current electricity costs”. (18)

*CO2 Emissions: Ben Williams details the significant emissions caused by the many steps of nuclear power production including: “Diesel burned in (mining uranium) ore”, “Diesel burn(ed) in shipping the heavy rock to processing”, “The (uranium) mill burns up millions of KWh every year”, “Shipping the yellow cake to market”, Spent nuclear fuel rod & other nuclear waste disposal, etc. (19) Maintaining & decommissioning nuclear power plants also produce emissions.

*Significant Heat Emissions: Nordell & Gervet's research reveals a “Flaw in the nuclear energy argument”; Nordel states: “Although nuclear power does not produce carbon dioxide emissions in the same way as burning fossil fuels, it does produce Heat emissions equivalent to 3 times the energy of the electricity it generates & so (it) contributes to global warming significantly”. (20)

*NUCLEAR WASTE: The Nuclear Information & Resource Service states: “The majority of high-level radioactive waste is … from … nuclear power plants”. “On-reactor-site fuel pools hold most of the high-level waste”. “Fuel pools were not designed for more than temporary storage”. Once “Reactors … have reached pool capacity, (nuclear waste is stored in) dry casks”. “There are many hazards associated with fuel pools” & dry casks. (21) “Areas currently being evaluated for storage of (high-level) nuclear waste are Space, under the sea bed & large stable geologic formations on land”. (22) When nuclear power companies advertise how “Clean” & “Green” their nuclear industries are, then why don't these companies honestly talk about real issues such as the significant problems associated with high-level radioactive waste disposal?

*RADIOCIDE:

*I define the neologism: Radiocide to describe the criminal act of willfully & recklessly with depraved indifference or negligently causing harm to people, animals & the Earth as a result of nuclear technology activities such as: uranium mining & milling, nuclear radioactive waste, radiation accidents, etc. -- & including failure to follow standards of care regarding nuclear safety & clean-up. Responsible stewardship of the planet Earth & nuclear technology includes application of the Precautionary Principle: “If an action or policy has (a) suspected risk of causing harm to the public or to the environment, in the absence of a scientific consensus (about the harm), the Burden of proof falls on those who would advocate taking the action”. Other definitions of the precautionary principle include: “Caution in Advance”.(23) A key element of this principle is that: “Decision makers (need) to anticipate harm before it occurs”. (24) If Nuclear Technology specialists, government leaders & citizens do not know how to deal with the negative consequences of a problem such as nuclear waste, then it is important that they Not engage in such activities – That is until they know how to properly & safely dispose of such waste – with a high probability of success. World leaders, heads of state & nuclear companies are taking big risks with nuclear power, nuclear weapons & nuclear waste on behalf of humans, animals, the Earth & future generations.

*NUCLEAR WASTE MARKER SYSTEMS:

Experts have convened to design a 10,000 year marker system(s) to warn future generations of highly dangerous nuclear waste sites. The goal is to communicate: Danger, this is not a place of honor, this is a place to be shunned. Graphics include human faces showing horror & sickness. Marker designs include jagged & rough shapes that communicate danger & harm to the body such as Spike fields, landscape of thorns, menacing earthworks & forbidding blocks. (25) It is a tragedy that humans are irresponsibly dealing with nuclear technology & waste and that we have to warn future generations of our disastrous mistakes.

*NUCLEAR ACCIDENTS:

* Chernobyl Man-Made Environmental Disaster: The Chernobyl Nuclear power plant disaster of 1986 is called by Izvestia as: “The greatest technological catastrophe in world history”. (26)

*How much radiation was released by Chernobyl ?: Estimates of the radiation released from Chernobyl range from 50 Million curies to 4.5 Billion curies of radiation. (27) :The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that the total radioactivity from Chernobyl was 200 times that of the combined releases from the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima & Nagasaki”. (28)

*Causes of the Chernobyl Nuclear Accident: “The IAEA's 1986 analysis (of the Chernobyl nuclear accident) attributed the main cause of the accident to the operators' actions. But … the IAEA (1993) report, a revised analysis, attributed the main cause to the reactor's design”.(29)

*Health Effects on Humans: “About 30,000 to 60,000 excess cancer deaths are predicted” as a result of the Chernobyl nuclear accident. (30) “Thyroid cancer is caused by Iodine-131, which comprised 10 to 15% of Chernobyl 's fallout. … The UN estimated the number of thyroid cancers among children in Belarus – Where 70% of the fallout landed – At 285 times the pre-Chernobyl number”. (31)

*International Spread of Radioactivity: The Chernobyl nuclear accident discharged & dispersed radionuclides “Across many parts of Europe & later the entire Northern hemisphere”. (32)

*Zone of Alienation or Zone of Exclusion: The Chernobyl Zone of Alienation is an exclusion zone of radiation contaminated land around the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. “Residential, civil or business activities in the zone are legally prohibited & punishable”. (33)

*The Red Forest : The Red Forest is in the Chernobyl Zone of Alienation. The name Red Forest comes from the (red) color of the pine trees after they died following the absorption of high levels of radiation from the Chernobyl accident. The “Red Forest remains one of the most contaminated areas in the world today”. (34)

*RADIATION SICKNESS & Other Exposures to Radiation: Radiation sickness (Radiation poisoning, Radiation injury) is defined as: “The complex of symptoms resulting from excessive exposure to the whole body to ionizing radiation”. (35) Causes of radiation poisoning include: the Hiroshima & Nagasaki atomic bombs, Nuclear reactor accidents such as Chernobyl , Nuclear experiments, Processing of nuclear materials, Nuclear terrorism, etc..

*In 1945 a Los Alamos physicist Harry Daghlian was exposed to an extremely high dose of radiation during an experiment. Detailed medical records were made of his fatal condition including signs & symptoms such as: Nausea & vomiting, fever, red skin, skin blisters, blue nailbeds, increased heart rate, hair loss, abdominal pain, weight loss, diarrhea, etc.. Daghlian died 25 days after the incident. Sadly, Daghlian's death certificate & the media reported the cause of death to be “Severe/Chemical burns” – Rather than radiation-induced injuries. (36)

*In 1958 Cecil Kelley, a Los Alamos employee, was exposed to a high dose of radiation as the result of a plutonium accident. Radiation effects he experienced included: Shock, red skin, vomiting, blue lips, chills, uncontrolled movements, anxiety & restlessness. Kelley died just 35 hours after the accident. (37)

*Karen “Silkwood was a chemical technician at the Kerr-McGee Plutonium fuels production plant in Oklahoma & a member of the … Workers' Union . … Silkwood was reportedly gathering evidence for the Union to support her claim that Kerr-McGee was negligent in maintaining plant safety ... (Silkwood) was involved in a number of unexplained exposures to plutonium.” “Silkwood died in 1974 in a fatal one-car crash”. (38)

*NUCLEAR BOMB TESTING & EARTHQUAKES:

Whiteford studied earthquakes before nuclear testing & after nuclear testing: “In the fifty years before testing, large earthquakes of more that 5.8 occurred at an average rate of 68 per year. With the advent of testing the rate rose ‘suddenly & dramatically' to an average of 127 a year. The earthquake rate has almost doubled” as a result of nuclear bomb testing. Some studies warn that “Nuclear tests are weakening the earth's crust triggering earthquakes & causing the earth's pole to shift”. Shigeyoshi Matsumae, President of Tokai Univ. Department of Aerospace Science states: “Earthquakes & fluctuations of the earth's axis are related in a direct cause-and-effect to testing of nuclear devices”. “In 1991, the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation published Whiteford's findings in an article called: ‘Is Nuclear Testing Triggering Earthquakes & Volcanic Activity?'” (39) Are humans causing earthquakes, volcanic activity, (tsunamis) & a shift of the Earth's axis due to nuclear testing? Should nuclear agencies, governments & nuclear corporations conducting nuclear testing be held accountable for the negative effects of these tests on the planet Earth?

*NUCLEAR & Other WAR LANGUAGE :

The human race uses Nuclear & other War language in everyday conversation such as: Nuclear option, To nuke something, To be radioactive, Nuclear explosion, Something bombed, Da bomb, etc. (40) (41) (42) What is being communicated to other people & other countries with the use of such language?  What kind of misleading thoughts could these nuclear metaphors, hyperboles, slang, etc. cause? -- A Mushroom cloud?

VIOLENCE: Violence begets violence -- & Violent language begets violent actions. Sure, this nuclear language is just a figure of speech.  But, as the neurons in our brains grow & form synaptic "Nuclear" connections, are we pre-wiring our thoughts to be "Prepped & ready" to pull a Nuclear trigger?

MOTIVES:  What are the motives for the use of Nuclear language?

#1. Power & Control? Domination of an Enemy?

#2. Advertising/Marketing strategy? -- To draw attention to an issue with Emotional Drama?

#3. Entertainment Value: Using a Funny sound bite or Glitzy wordplay?

#4. Attraction to Nuclear War?

#5. Sadistic Death Wish?

#6. Or in George Orwell's terms: (Are) "Noises coming out of (our) larynx, but (our) brain(s) (are) not involved?" (43)  

*INTERNATIONAL Confusion with Nuclear & Other War Language:

What do the Japanese Hiroshima & Nagasaki citizens think of the U.S. use of nuclear language? When Al Qaeda or the Iranian or North Korean governments hear our Nuclear & other war metaphors, what do they think?  Is it really clear that the U.S. is talking about a figure of speech rather than a Nuclear attack?

*Familiarity Breeds Contempt & Numbing Effect: How many times has the world's collective consciousness heard people carelessly use Nuclear & other war language? – 10 times, 500 X, a Million times?  Repeated use of such a phrase could have a numbing or zombie-like effect on our psyches and make the idea of "Nuclear" & War as familiar as paying taxes or getting a parking ticket or going through a traffic intersection.  There's nothing routine or average or common about: a Nuclear bomb blast, thermal radiation, an electromagnetic pulse or ionizing radiation – Or any kind of a bomb explosion. (44)

*RATIONAL THINKING: Why can't we use simple words to communicate with others? Or on a higher level, why can't we envision peaceful co-existence with the world including a Win-win negotiation approach to problem-solving -- rather than using adversarial, antagonistic, violent methods of solving conflicts?  Sure, realistic terms & ideas are less sensational than nuclear language, but simpler terms are more honest.  Accurate words promote better communication & better relationships. 

*Language of PEACE rather than War:  Why can't we speak a language of peace rather than the language of war?  Why can't we speak in an open, honest language of unity, equality & tolerance -- Rather than use words of domination, separation & emotions? We all have a duty to use language responsibly.  Language is powerful.  May we all choose and use our words wisely.

II. THE CONSEQUENCES OF WAR:

Nuclear bombs are an example of the human choice to solve conflicts with war & weapons. Let's explore the general consequences of this human decision to solve differences with Violence. What are the consequences of war on human society, the environment, future generations, the planet Earth?

1. ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT OF WAR: “Ecological footprint is a measure of human demand on the Earth's ecosystems. It compares human demand with (the) planet Earth's ecological capacity to regenerate (from natural resource use & waste production). (45) What is the ecological footprint of a bomb? How many units of human energy and carbon dioxide units are transferred from peaceful activities (health & safety, medical care, education, rule of law, etc.) to the mining, human labor, transportation, factory work, advertising & the sale of a war bomb?

2. NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES OF WAR: How many humans are killed & injured due to war? How many birth defects occur as a result of the toxic aftermath? How does war affect the human psyche? How many cases of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) & traumatic brain injury (TBI) occur as a result of war? How many humans deteriorate into a life of poverty & crime after war? – as a result of depression, PTSD or TBI? How many people commit suicide due to war? What are the consequences of these bombs on future generations psychologically, genetically, environmentally? What is the effect of the noise pollution of war: e.g. bombs exploding, guns firing, tanks rolling, etc. on humans & animals? How many schools, hospitals, electrical plants, water treatment plants, bridges, roads, agricultural businesses and other infrastructure are destroyed by war? How does war contribute to climate change as a result of CO2 emissions? How many habitats are destroyed because of war? What is the total cost of war to the planet Earth? – including financial, psychological, medical, generational, & ecological costs? – in the Millions, Billions or Trillions of dollars?

3. ECOCIDE: Ecocide is defined as: “The complete destruction of an ecosystem due to human activities. It may result from exploitation of resources, nuclear warfare or the dumping of harmful chemicals”. (46) What ecosystems & natural resources are destroyed/damaged/depleted by war? What is the Air/land/water Quality index after war? How many animals are killed, injured or displaced as a result of war? Are any species made extinct by war? What is the “Living planet index” (47) for biodiversity after war? Does war cause any seismic activity? What are the radioactivity levels in humans, animals & in the environment after war due to Depleted Uranium (DU) use? Overall, what are “The Environmental Costs of Militarism”? including “Fuel emissions, radioactive waste & defoliation campaigns”?; What is “The relationship between militarism & ecological destruction”? (48)

4. QUESTIONS: Should war aggressors be responsible for not only human death & injury, but also environmental destruction to the Earth? Who is responsible for the clean-up of the battlefield after war including the clean-up of Depleted Uranium? Wikipedia cites examples of Health Effects including Toxicity due to Depleted Uranium. (49) Note: The International Coalition to Ban Uranium Weapons “Campaigns for a ban on the use, transport, manufacture, sale & export of all conventional weapon systems containing uranium” (such as depleted uranium). (50) Should the “Polluters pay” for war damages including “Upstream” & :Downstream” impacts? (51)

5. FINAL COMMENTS ON WAR CONSEQUENCES: In my opinion, war aggressors should be held accountable for human death & injury, societal losses, infrastructure damage, environmental destruction, animal death & injury, resource depletion, air & land & water pollution, etc. I recommend that the world adopt a 5 th Geneva Convention to protect the Earth “During times of armed conflict” (52)

*CONCLUSION:  Regarding: NUCLEAR WEAPONS, NUCLEAR POWER & NUCLEAR WASTE

*APOLOGY: I apologize to the Earth for nuclear bombs, nuclear power, nuclear waste & war.

I apologize for the first nuclear bomb detonation of:

Trinity on July 16 th , 1945 at 5:29 AM in the New Mexico desert.

The Trinity nuclear bomb marks the beginning of the dark phase of the human race.

Overall, I apologize for Human Wars including Nuclear Bombs.

*RECOMMENDATION: EARTH ZONE OF PEACE:

*The Dalai Lama proposes a peace plan to make Tibet a Zone of Peace: (53) including:

-The entire Tibetan plateau would be demilitarized.

-The manufacture, testing & stockpiling of nuclear weapons & other armaments on the Tibetan plateau would be prohibited.

-The Tibetan plateau would be transformed into the world's largest natural park.

-The manufacture & use of nuclear power & other technologies which produce hazardous waste would be prohibited.

I propose that the human race make the entire planet Earth a Zone of Peace – similar to the Honorable Dalai Lama's proposal for Tibet – with a ban on nuclear weapons & all nuclear technology & a focus on Nature rather than war.

THANK YOU: South Africa

Thank you South Africa for being: “The first … country to … entirely dismantle it's nuclear weapons programme”. (54) David Albright states: “ South Africa is the only country to voluntarily give up it's nuclear weapons. … South Africa 's abandonment of it's 20 – 30 year old nuclear weapons program remains unique”. (55)

WHAT MOTIVATES HUMANS TO MAKE BAD DECISIONS REGARDING NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY & WAR?

I feel humans make bad decisions regarding nuclear technology & war due to: #1. Fear. I believe that the: “Race to make nuclear bombs” & nuclear weapons testing & bombing have been motivated by Fear & Anxiety. #2. I believe that the nuclear power industry's claim that nuclear power is “Green & Clean” is motivated by profits. #3. I believe that officials that claim that depleted uranium is “Safe” is motivated by military interests.

*HOMO EARTH:

After witnessing acts of Human Cruelty to humans, animals & the Earth

-- Due to nuclear technology, human overpopulation & greedy consumption

I withdraw my name from the human race

This Homo Sapien species is far too cruel for me

I declare myself a new species

I am Homo Earth

-- A species that treats humans, animals & the Earth with respect.

-- A species that prefers dialogue -- even with enemies -- rather than nuclear bombs & war.

*NEW MANTRA:

May I do no harm in my life to any living being. May I never inflict pain & suffering on any other being. May no human, no animal, no Earthly entity ever suffer because of me.

Namaste. Salaam. Shalom. Shanti. Peace.

Thank you. Respectfully, Mary Hamer, M.D.

REFERENCES:

1. Hamer, Mary. Apology to the Planet Earth. Trilogy Part I. Human Cruelty to Animals. Countercurrents.org. 2/3/9 .

2. Hamer, Mary. Human Cruelty to Humans. Apology to the Planet Earth. Trilogy Part II. Countercurrents.org. 3/5/9 .

3. www.doug-long.com : Hiroshima : Who Disagreed with the Atomic bombing? Albert Einstein Section: Referencing Ronald Clark, Einstein: The Life & Times. Pg 620.

4. en.wikipedia.org: Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima & Nagasaki . Debate Over Bombings Section: View Date: 10/12/9 . Referencing: J. Samuel Walker. 2005. Recent Literature on Truman's Atomic Bomb Decision. Referencing: The Collins Encyclopedia of Military History. Referencing: Stohl, Michael. 1988. National Interest & State Terrorism & The Politics of Terrorism.

5. en.wikipedia.org: Decision over the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima & Nagasaki . View Date: 8/1/9 .

6. www.doug-long.com: Hiroshima : Who Disagreed with the Atomic Bombing? Dwight Eisenhower Section: Referencing Dwight Eisenhower. Mandate for Change. Pg 380.

7. www.hrweb.org : United Nations Convention on the Prevention & Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.

8. members.peak.org: Leo Szilard Interview: President Truman Did Not Understand. U.S. News & World Report. C 8/15/60 . www.peak.org: Gene Dannen.

9. en.wikipedia.org: War Crime. Referencing: Werth, Nicolas et al. The Black Book of Communism. Harvard Univ. Press. 1999.

10.. www.doug-long.com : Hiroshima : The Harry Truman Diary & Papers. 8/11/45 Diary Entry. Referencing: Alperovitz, Gar. The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb. Pg 563.

11. Wordnetweb.princetom.edu: Definition of Racism.

12. www.newscientist.com : Hiroshima Bomb May Have Carried Hidden Agenda. By Rob Edwards. 2005.

13. en.wikipedia.org: Just War: Jus in Bello Principles. Referencing: Childress, James. 1978. Just-War Theories: The Bases, Interrelations, Priorities & Functions of the Criteria. Theological Studies. 39: 427-45.

14. www.rerf.or.jp : Radiation Effects Research Foundation: Frequently Asked Questions: How Many People Died as a Result of the Atomic Bombings?

15. news.cnet.com: Nuke Power Not so Clean or Green. By Elsa Wenzel. Interview with Helen Caldicott.

16. www.commondreams.org : Nuclear Power is the Problem, Not a Solution. By Helen Caldicott. 4/15/2005 .

17. www.greens.org : The True Costs of Nuclear Power by Susan Lee et al Synthesis/Regeneration. #11 Fall 1996. Referencing: Ottinger, et al. 1990. Environmental Costs of Electricity. Pace Univ. Oceania Press. NY.

18. www.americanprogress.org : The Staggering Cost of New Nuclear Power by Joseph Romm 1/5/9 . Referencing: Craig A. Severance, CPA: Business Risks & Costs of New Nuclear Power.

19. culturechange.org: Why Nuclear Energy is Not the Answer to Climate Change by Ben Williams. 7/26/9 .

20. www.sciencedaily.com: Referencing Bo Nordell & Bruno Gervet: Global Energy Accumulation & Net Heat Emissions. Int. J. Global Warming 2009. 1, 378-391. Story Source: Inderscience via Alpha Galileo.

21. www.nirs.org : High-Level Radioactive Waste. Introduction & Waste Storage Sections.

22. www.history.rochester.edu : Long Term Storage for High Level Radioactive Waste.

23. en.wikipedia.org: Precautionary Principle. Referencing: Recuerda, Miguel. 2006. Risk & Reason in the European Union Law.

24. en.wikipedia.org: Precautionary Principle. Referencing www.unep.org & the Rio Declaration on Environment & Development.

25. download.org: Excerpts from: Expert Judgment on Markers to Deter Inadvertent Human Intrusioninto the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant. Sandia National Laboratories Report. SAND92-1382.

26. findarticles.com: Chernobyl : A Global Tragedy. By John M. LaForge. Earth Island Journal. Summer 1997. This article first appeared in the Pathfinder, the Nukewatch newsletter. This article references: Izvestia.

27. findarticles.com: Chernobyl : A Global Tragedy. By John M. LaForge. Earth Island Journal. Summer 1997. This article first appeared in the Pathfinder, the Nukewatch newsletter. This article references: Time Magazine1989, Argonne National laboratory in Illinois & Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California .

28. The TORCH Report Executive Summary. (The Other Report on Chernobyl ) Fairlie, Ian PhD , UK & Sumner, David UK . 2006. Commissioned by The Greens EFA in the European Parliament.

29. en.wikipedia.org: Chernobyl Disaster. Causes Section. Referencing: NEI Source Book. 4th Edition.

30. The TORCH Report Executive Summary. (The Other Report on Chernobyl ) Fairlie, Ian PhD , UK & Sumner, David UK . 2006. Commissioned by The Greens EFA in the European Parliament.

21. findarticles.com: Chernobyl : A Global Tragedy. By John M. LaForge. Earth Island Journal. Summer 1997. This article first appeared in the Pathfinder, the Nukewatch newsletter. This article references: the United Nations.

32. The TORCH Report Executive Summary. (The Other Report on Chernobyl ) Fairlie, Ian PhD , UK & Sumner, David UK . 2006. Commissioned by The Greens EFA in the European Parliament.

33. en.wikipedia.org: Zone of Alienation. Introduction & Purpose Sections.

34. en.wikipedia.org: Red Forest . Introduction Section. Referencing: Wildlife defies Chernobyl Radiation. By Stephen Mulvey BBC News. 2006. & Chernobyl – Part One by Stephen Mulvey. BBC News. 2006.

35. www.atomicarchive.com: Glossary : Radiation Sickness.

36. arnold­_dion.tripod.com: Acute Radiation Sickness.

37. la-science.lanl.gov: Los Alamos Science: The Cecil Kelley Criticality Accident. Los Alamos Science #23 1995.

38. la-science.lanl.gov: Los Alamos Science: The Karen Silkwood Story.

39. www.ratical.org : #1. Nuclear Bomb Tests & Their Relationship to Earthquakes Planetwide. Silicon Graphics. 1992. #2. Bomb Tests & Earthquakes Section: British, German, Japanese & Canadian studies & Shigeyoshi Matsumae, President Tokai Univ. Yoshio Kato, Dept. of Aerospace Science. #3. Killer Quakes & Bomb Tests Section.

40. en.wikipedia.org: Nuclear Option.

41. Onlineslangdictionary.com: Definition of Nuke.

42. Onlineslangdictionary.com: Definition of: Da Bomb.

43. www.world-english.org: Orwell, George. Politics and the English Language. 1946.

44. en.wikipedia.org : Effects of Nuclear Explosions.

45. en.wikpedia.org: Ecological Footprint. Referencing: Rees, William. 1992. Ecological Footprints & Appropriated Carrying Capacity. Environment & Urbanisation. & Wackernagel, Mathis. 1994. Ecological Footprint & Appropriated Carrying Capacity. Ph.D. Thesis.

46. en.wiktionary.org: Ecocide. Referencing: Broswimmer, Franz. Ecocide. 2002.

47. en.wikipedia.org: Living Planet Index. Referencing the World Wildlife Fund for Nature & the United Nations Environment Programme.

48. www.amazon.com : The Green Zone: The Environmental Costs of Militarism. By Barry Sanders. AK Press. 2009. Editorial Review.

49. en.wikipedia.org: Depleted Uranium. Health Conditions & Chemical Toxicity Sections.

50 . en.wikipedia.org: International Coalition to Ban Uranium Weapons. Referencing: The ICBUW @ www.bandepleteduranium.org.

51. en.wikipedia.org: Polluter Pays Principle. Referencing: The Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development. Paris , France . 2006.

52. en.wikipedia.org: Environmental Law: 5 th Geneva Convention. Referencing the United Nations.

53. www.tew.org : Tibet Environmental Watch – Zone of Peace.

54. www.sagoodnews.co.za : South Africa Leads Way in Nuclear Disarmament. 2005.

55. web.mit.edu: South Africa 's Nuclear Weapons Program. By David Albright, President Inst. for Science & International Security. 2001.

 


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