Organic Vs Industrial Chemical-Dependent Agriculture: Philosophies And Practices

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What follows is a summary of this article, ‘A System of Food Production for Human Need, Not Corporate Greed’, and is a preamble to something that was recently forwarded to me by Emeritus Professor Stuart B. Hill, Foundation Chair of Social Ecology, School of Education, Western Sydney University.

In 2007, as part of a requested submission to the International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development (IAASTD), Professor Hill submitted a very useful and concise table comparing the philosophies and practices of organic-based agriculture (including agroecology) and chemical-intensive, industrialised agriculture.

I’ve taken the time to present Prof. Hill’s work here because, although it is 10 years old, it is a valuable reminder of the differences between the two models and why the world must step off the chemical treadmill and move towards a more organic-based system of farming.

Introduction

There has been an adverse trend in the food and agriculture sector in recent times with the control of seeds and chemical inputs being consolidated through various proposed mergers. Over the past couple of decades, there has already been a restriction of choice with the squeezing out of competitors, resulting in higher costs for farmers, who are increasingly reliant on corporate seeds (and their chemical inputs).

Big agribusiness players like Monsanto rely on massive taxpayer handouts to keep their business models on track; highly profitable models that have immense social, health and environmental costs to be paid for by the public. Across the globe healthy, sustainable agriculture has been uprooted and transformed to suit the profit margins of transnational agribusiness concerns. The major players in the global agribusiness sector fuel a geo-politicised, globalised system of food production that result in numerous negative outcomes for both farmers and consumers alike (listed here: 4th paragraph from the end).

The extremely wealthy interests behind these corporations do their level best to displace or dismantle alternative models of production – whether agroecology, organic, public sector agriculture systems or anything that exists independently from them – and replace them with ones that serve their needs. Look no further than attempts attempts to undermine indigenous edible oils processing in India, for instance. Look no further than the ‘mustard seed crisis‘ in India in 1998. Or look no further than how transnational biotech helped fuel and then benefit from the destruction of Ethiopia’s traditional agrarian economy.

Whether it’s on the back of US-backed coups (Ukraine), military conflicts (Iraq), ‘structural adjustment’ (Africa) or slanted trade deals (India), transnational agribusiness is driving a global agenda to suit its interests and eradicate impediments to profit.

Increasing profit and shareholder dividends are the bottom line. And it doesn’t matter how much devastation ensues or how unsustainable their business model is, ‘crisis management’ and ‘innovation’ fuel the corporate-controlled treadmill they seek to impose.

Despite the promise of the Green Revolution, hundreds of millions still go to bed hungry, food has become denutrified, functioning rural economies have been destroyed, diseases have spiked in correlation with the increase in use of pesticides and GMOs, soil has been eroded or degraded, diets are less diverse, global food security has been undermined and access to food is determined by manipulated international markets and speculation – not supply and demand.

Food and agriculture have become wedded to power structures that have created food surplus and food deficit areas and have restructured indigenous agriculture across the world and tied it to an international system of trade based on export-oriented mono-cropping, commodity production for a manipulated and volatile international market and indebtedness to international financial institutions.

Ultimately, the problem is centred on a system of international capitalism that is driving a globalised model of bad food and poor health and the destruction of healthy, sustainable agriculture.

Organic & Conventional Agriculture Compared by Prof. Stuart B. Hill

 

CRITERIA OF COMPARISON ‘ORGANIC’ & ECOLOGY-INFORMED

FOOD SYSTEMS

CONVENTIONAL FOOD SYSTEMS
Relationship with Nature (biodiversity, habitats, ecological processes etc)

 

 

To be respected, worked with (as whole, integrated & interrelated systems), & supported

 

Selection, control & ownership of ‘parts’ that are (primarily) regarded as being valuable economically
Primary Goals/Roles in Society (actual versus professed focus)  

Nourishment & support of human wellbeing

(& avoidance of  toxic impacts)

Restoration, build-up, conservation & maintenance (sustainability) of: agroecosystems (especially soil), rest of nature, gene-pool, & knowledge & skills of farmers  – for present & future generations

 

Productivity/yield

Profit/money

‘Political’ power (local to global)

Other professed goals invariably compromised by one or more of the above ones – hence the numerous impacts & disbenefits for people & environments

 

Other Priorities & Concerns Intra- & trans-generational equity & social justice

Meaningful & fulfilling work & lifestyles

 

 

Growth

Market share

Control (much of this having [largely sub-conscious] psychological, compensatory & substitutive functions)

 

Primary Inputs Knowledge (especially ecology) & skills (especially agroecosystem design and management)

Diverse bio-ecological inputs, serving multiple beneficial roles & functions

 

Imported/purchased seed & stock (increasingly hybrid, from narrowing gene-pools & genetically engineered), synthetic fertilizers, pesticides (including herbicides & anti-microbials) & growth stimulants

Technologies, & design & management to achieve control & maximise productivity

 

Technological Supports Elegant, contextually & ecosystem-matched, supportive, human-scale appropriate technologies; used in support of primary goals & values: solar, renewable, repairable, improvable (etc)

Designed & used to support & maintain wellbeing-enabling ecosystem processes

Full range of alternative technologies available for when needed

 

Large, powerful, expensive, decontextual, fossil-fuel dependent, often disruptive & impacting technologies

Designed to force change & control, without reference to their effects on benign ecosystem processes

Partly (largely subconsciously) purchased & used for their compensatory (power symbolism), psychological roles

Few alternatives when faced with failures

 

Agroecosystem Design  

Complex in bio-ecology, space & time: mixed farms, multi-species, multiple cropping & polyculture agroecosystems, with inclusion of concern for adjacent areas & non-commercial species

 

Bare-soil, row-crop monocultures & simple rotations, from a narrowing gene-pool
Pests (including weeds & diseases)  

Regarded first as indicators of agroecosystem maldesign & mismanagement (& therefore requiring response in these areas)

Systems designed to be ‘healthy’ & pest-proof, with controls used as interim & emergency measures, & selected & used in ways that minimise negative impacts, as specific as possible & based on natural processes & materials (where possible produced on-farm or locally)

 

Regarded as ‘enemies’ to be eliminated & controlled, economically, with purchased synthetic so-called pesticides (actually ‘biocides’, because of their innate non-specificity: cannot design specific poisons against economic entities) – increasingly from companies that also supply the seed

(as a ‘package’, eg, glyphosate-resistant seed)

Sustainability Over time, becoming increasingly ecologically sustainable, with gains & improvements in knowledge & skills, & in quality of the resource base & enablement of ecosystem functioning  

Over time becoming increasingly unsustainable, with declining quality of resource base, including losses of biodiversity & gene-pool, soil fertility & structure, increases in pests, weeds & diseases (particularly those resistant to pesticides, herbicides & antibiotics) & increasing dependence on inputs  that are non-renewable & that have harmful side-effects & other negative characteristics

 

Future Prospects Will spread & improve over time in effectiveness, efficiency, sustainability & resilience, & in achieving its prioritised goals & support of our ‘higher’ values

Capable of being supportive of our ongoing psychosocial evolution as a species

 

Will recede & decline over time & become less effective, less efficient, & more unsustainable and vulnerable, as its disbenefits are internalised & its resource base is used up (& becomes more & more expensive), & as our species evolves psychosocially towards lifestyles & institutions based on ‘higher’ values (than monetary ones), and so increasingly rejects such narrowly conceived approaches

 

 

Colin Todhunter is an independent writer

 

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