G8:
Watch What They Do,
Not What They Say
By George Monbiot
06 June, 2007
Monbiot.com
It is time once again for that
touching annual ritual, in which the world’s most powerful people
move themselves to tears. At Heiligendamm they will emote with the wretched
of the earth. They will beat their breasts and say many worthy and necessary
things – about climate change, Africa, poverty, trade –
but one word will not leave their lips. Power. Amid the patrician goodwill,
there will be no acknowledgement that the power they wield over other
nations destroys everything they claim to stand for.
The leaders of the G8 nations
present themselves as a force for unmitigated good. Sometimes they fail,
but they seek only to make the world a kinder place. Bob Geldof and
Bono give oxygen to this deception, speaking of the good works the leaders
might perform, or of the good works they have failed to perform; but
not mentioning the active harm. They refuse to acknowledge that what
the rich nations give with one finger they take with both hands.
Look at what is happening,
right now, in the Philippines. This country has many problems, but one
stands out: just 16% of children between 4 and 5 months old are exclusively
breastfed(1). This is one of the lowest documented rates on earth, and
it has fallen by a third since 1998(2). As 70% of Filipinos have inadequate
access to clean water, the result is a public health disaster. Every
year, according to the World Health Organisation, some 16,000 Filipino
children die as a result of “inappropriate feeding practices”(3).
These are the deaths caused
only by acute results of feeding children with substitutes for breastmilk.
A summary of peer-reviewed studies compiled by the campaigning groups
Infact and Ibfan suggests that breastfeeding also reduces the incidence
of asthma, allergies, childhood cancers, diabetes, coeliac disease,
Crohn’s, colitis, obesity, cardiovascular disease, poor cognitive
development, ear infections and poor dentition(4). Switching from bottle
to breast could prevent 13% of all childhood deaths(5): a greater impact
than any other measure. Panaceas are rare in medicine, but the mammary
gland is one.
Both the government of the
Philippines and the UN blame the manufacturers of baby formula for much
of the decline in breastfeeding. These companies spend over $100m a
year on advertising breastmilk substitutes in the Philippines, which
equates to over half the department of health’s annual budget(6).
Those who appear most susceptible to this advertising are the poor,
who are also the most likely to be using contaminated water to make
up the feed. Some spend as much as one third of their household income
on formula. Powdered milk now accounts for more sales than any other
consumer product in the Philippines(7). Almost all of it is produced
by companies based in the rich nations.
Since Ferdinand Marcos was
deposed in 1986, the government of the Philippines has been trying to
stand between these corporations and vulnerable mothers(8). It has failed.
It plugs one loophole; the formula companies find another. Baby Milk
Action, one of the world’s most impressive public health campaigns,
has compiled a dossier of breaches of the marketing code drawn up by
the World Health Organisation. Formula companies have been dispensing
gifts to both health workers and mothers, running promotional classes
and meetings and advertising their wares on television and in magazines
and papers(9,10). These practices, though mostly legal in the Philippines,
are all discouraged by the code(11).
In February this year, the
Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Association of the Philippines (PHAP),
which represents multinational companies, ran a series of advertisements
expressing concern for women unable to breastfeed their children. The
campaign was described by the UN’s special rapporteur, Jean Ziegler,
as “misleading, deceptive, and malicious in intent”. He
claimed the adverts “manipulate data emanating from UN specialized
agencies such as WHO and UNICEF … with the sole purpose to protect
the milk companies’ huge profits, regardless of the best interest
of Filipino mothers and children.”(12)
Last year, in the hope of
arresting this public health disaster, the Philippines Department of
Health drew up a new set of rules. It prohibited all advertising and
promotion of infant formula for children of up to two years old. It
forbade the formula companies from giving away gifts or samples or from
providing assistance to health workers or classes to mothers(13). The
new rules seem stiff, but they all come straight from the WHO’s
code. PHAP, whose members include most of the world’s biggest
pharmaceutical companies(14), went to the supreme court to try to obtain
a restraining order. When it failed the big guns arrived.
The US embassy and the US
regional trade representative started lobbying the Philippines government.
Then the chief executive of the US Chamber of Commerce in Washington
– which represents three million businesses – wrote a letter
to the president of the Philippines, Gloria Arroyo. The new rules, he
claimed, would have “unintended negative consequences for investors’
confidence”. The country’s reputation “as a stable
and viable destination for investment is at risk.”(15) Four days
later, the Supreme Court reversed its decision and imposed the restraining
order PHAP had requested. It remains in force today. The government
is currently unable to prevent companies from breaking the international
code.
So the Department of Health
asked a senior government lawyer, Nestor Ballocillo, to contest the
order. In December Ballocillo and his son were shot dead while walking
from their home. The case remains unsolved: Ballocillo was working on
several contentious issues. Last month the US regional trade representative
paid another visit to the Philippines government(16). The department
of health now appears to be wavering. In two weeks’ time the campaigners
trying to promote breastfeeding will present their arguments to the
Supreme Court to try to get the order lifted, and the formula companies
will try to stop them. If the companies win, thousands of children will
continue to die of preventable diseases.
The pressure to which the
US government and the US Chamber of Commerce have subjected the government
of the Philippines is at odds with almost everything the G8 now claims
to stand for: the millennium health and education goals, the eradication
of poverty, fair terms of trade. But the G8 nations will pursue their
stated objectives only to the point at which they collide with their
own interests. Away from their sentimental summits, they pull down everything
they claim to be building.
The G8 demands action on
climate change; the World Bank, controlled by the G8 nations, funds
coal burning power stations and deforestation projects. The G8 requests
better terms of trade for Africa; Europe and the United States use the
world trade talks to make sure this doesn’t happen. The G8 leaders
call for the debt to be reduced; the IMF demands that poor nations remove
barriers to the capital flows which leave them in hock. The G8 leaders
simultaneously wring their hands and wash their hands. We have done
what we can; if we have failed, it is only because of the corruption
of third world elites.
The question is no longer
whether the undemocratic power the G8 nations exert over the rest of
the world can be used for good or ill. The question is whether it will
cease to be used.
George Monbiot is the author
of the best selling books The
Age of Consent: a manifesto for a new world order and Captive
State: the corporate takeover of Britain. He writes a weekly
column for the Guardian newspaper.
www.monbiot.com
References:
1. Baby Milk Action, 9th
November 2006. International campaign aims to save Philippines baby
milk marketing law – and infant lives.
http://www.babymilkaction.org/press/press9nov06.html
2. Connie Levett, 3rd February
2007. Formula for profit seen as recipe for disaster. Sydney Morning
Herald. http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/
formula-for-profit-seen-as-recipe-for-
disaster/2007/02/02/1169919531018.html
3. Jean Marc Olivè,
WHO country representative, cited by the Philippines Sunday Times, 5th
November 2006.
4. INFACT Canada and IBFAN,
July 2006. Risks of Formula Feeding: a brief annotated bibliography.
http://www.infactcanada.ca/mall/
risks-formula-feeding.asp
5. Gareth Jones et al, 5th
July 2003. How many child deaths can we prevent this year? The Lancet,
Vol 362, pp 65-71.
6. AC Nielsen, cited by Maricel
E Estevillo, 14th July 2006. Business World, Philippines.
7. Connie Levett, ibid.
8. The current rules are
contained in Executive Order 51, passed in 1986.
9. Alessandro Iellamo, WHO
Philippines, 30th May 2007. Description of the Bonna Kid Bigay Tibay
sa Barangay, 29th May 2007, pers comm.
10. Alessandro Iellamo, May
2007. Philippine Struggle for Child Survival: Call for International
Solidarity.
11. World Health Organisation,
1981. The International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes.
http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/code_english.pdf
12. UNHCR, 26th February
2007. Un Special Rapporteur Appalled
with the Deceptive Tactics of Milk Companies in the Philippines.
http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf
/view01/3035D668F9E92329C125728F00294A69
13. Department of Health,
15th May 2006. Revised Implementing Rules and Regulations of Executive
Order no 51. Administrative Order 2006 – 0012.
14. The members are listed
here: http://www.phap.org.ph/directory.aspx
15. Thomas J Donohue, 11th
August 2006. Letter to Gloria Arroyo.
16. Manila Standard Today,
9th May 2007. Report of visit of Barbara Weisel to Philippines Department
of Trade and Industry.
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