Ex-U.S.
Official Says CIA Brought
Bathists To Power
By David Morgan
Reuters
21 April, 2003
PHILADELPHIAIf the United States succeeds in shepherding the creation
of a post-war Iraqi government, a former National Security Council official
says, it won't be the first time that Washington has played a primary
role in changing that country's rulers.
Roger Morris,
a former State Department foreign service officer who was on the NSC
staff during the Johnson and Nixon administrations, says the CIA had
a hand in two coups in Iraq during the darkest days of the Cold War,
including a 1968 putsch that set Saddam Hussein firmly on the path to
power.
Morris says
that in 1963, two years after the ill-fated U.S. attempt at overthrow
in Cuba known as the Bay of Pigs, the CIA helped organize a bloody coup
in Iraq that deposed the Soviet-leaning government of Gen. Abdel-Karim
Kassem.
"This takes
you down a longer, darker road in terms of American culpability ....
"As in
Iran in '53, it was mostly American money and even American involvement
on the ground," says Morris, referring to a U.S.-backed coup that
brought the return of the shah to neighbouring Iran.
Kassem, who
had allowed communists to hold positions of responsibility in his government,
was machine-gunned to death. And the country wound up in the hands of
the Baath party.
At the time,
Morris continues, Saddam was a Baath operative studying law in Cairo,
one of the venues the CIA chose to plan the coup.
In fact, he
claims the former Iraqi president castigated by President George W.
Bush as one of history's most "brutal dictators" was actually
on the CIA payroll in those days.
"There's
no question," Morris says. "It was there in Cairo that (Saddam)
and others were first contacted by the agency."
In 1968, Morris
says, the CIA encouraged a palace revolt among Baath party elements
led by long-time Saddam mentor Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, who would turn
over the reins of power to his ambitious protégé in 1979.
"It's a
regime that was unquestionably midwived by the United States, and the
(CIA's) involvement there was really primary," Morris says.
His version
of history is a far cry from current American rhetoric about Iraq
a country that top U.S. officials say has been liberated from decades
of tyranny and given the chance for a bright democratic future.
There's no mention
of America's own alleged role in giving birth to the regime.
A spokesman
for the Central Intelligence Agency declined to comment on the claims
of CIA involvement in the Iraqi coups but said Morris' assertion that
Saddam once received payments from the CIA is "utterly ridiculous."
Morris, who
resigned from the NSC staff over the 1970 U.S. invasion of Cambodia,
says he learned the details of American covert involvement in Iraq from
ranking CIA officials of the day, including Teddy Roosevelt's grandson,
Archibald Roosevelt.
Now 65, Morris
went on to become a Nixon biographer and is currently writing a book
about U.S. covert action in Afghanistan and Iraq.
He regards Saddam
as a deposed U.S. client in the mold of former Philippine president
Ferdinand Marcos and former Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega.
"We climb
into bed with these people without really knowing anything about their
politics," Morris says. "It's not unusual, of course, in American
policy. We tire of these people, and we find reasons to shed them."
But many experts, including foreign affairs scholars, say there is little
to suggest U.S. involvement in Iraq in the 1960s.
David Wise,
a Washington-based author who has written extensively about Cold War
espionage, says he is only aware of records showing that a CIA group
known as the "Health Alteration Committee" tried to assassinate
Kassem in 1960 by sending the Iraqi leader a poisoned monogrammed handkerchief.
"Clearly,
they felt that Kassem was somebody who had to be eliminated," Wise
says.
Morris contends
that little is known about CIA involvement in the Iraqi coups because
the Middle East did not hold as much strategic importance in the 1960s
and most senior U.S. officials involved there at the time have since
died.
But even if
the United States played no role in the rise of Iraq's Baath party,
experts say Washington has obviously had to confront unintended consequences
of former U.S. policies including those of Bush's father, George
H.W. Bush, who was CIA director before becoming president.
"There
are always some unintended consequences," says Helmut Sonnenfeldt,
guest scholar in foreign policy studies at the Brookings Institution
and former NSC staffer.
"There
were unintended consequences in World War I that brought the rise of
Hitler."
The United States
and other Western powers supported Saddam's regime during the 1980-88
Iran-Iraq war, even after the Baghdad government used chemical weapons
to kill thousands of Kurdish villagers in Halabja.
The 1988 atrocity
recently was a cornerstone of U.S. justifications for its war to topple
Saddam's regime.
Before war broke
out last month, a flurry of U.S. headlines also called attention to
reports that pathogens used by Iraq for its biological warfare program
came from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and a private
Manassas, Va.-based biological samples repository called the American
Type Culture Collection.
Officials at
the two institutions said shipments of anthrax, West Nile virus, botulinum
toxins and other pathogens were sent to Iraq in the 1980s with U.S.
commerce department approval for medical research purposes.
Even Iraq's
alleged nuclear weapons program, which U.S. officials said was on the
verge of producing a nuclear bomb last year, got under way with help
from a 1950s Eisenhower administration program to share the peaceful
benefits of nuclear energy called "Atoms for Peace."
That is according
to the Nuclear Threat Initiative, a Washington-based group co-founded
by media mogul Ted Turner and former U.S. senator Sam Nunn to reduce
the global threat of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons.
James Phillips,
senior Middle East analyst for the Heritage Foundation, disagrees that
Bush's war in Iraq is the result of CIA involvement.
But he says
the United States did turn a blind eye to the chance to topple Saddam
during the 1991 Gulf War, just as it left Afghanistan to the mercy of
the Taliban and Osama bin Laden's Al Qaeda network after Soviet forces
left that country.
"I am reminded
of the biblical expression about the sins of the father," Phillips
says.
"The first
Bush administration was the one that decided to cut off aid to the mujahideen
in Afghanistan and set them adrift. And they were also the ones who
decided not to go to Baghdad during the first Gulf War."