The State Of
Women In Iraq
By Hanna Dahlstrom
15 March, 2005
Uruknet.info
Deteriorating
Politcal And Economic Crisis Of Women In Iraq Under US Occupying Forces
- A Briefing Paper Of International Educational Development
We will
deliver the food and medicine you need. We will tear down the apparatus
of terror and we will help you to build a new Iraq that is prosperous
and free."
-George Bush, March 17, 2003, televised address. [1]
Almost
two years after the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq, under U.S. occupation,
Iraqi women are worse off than during the administration of President
Saddam Hussein, according to an Amnesty International report released
on February 21, 2005. [2]A survey by Women for Women International in
May 2003 concluded that none of the Iraqi women interviewed had their
families basic needs met. [3]
With one million
Iraqi women as heads of households, women face the biggest burden as
primary caretakers of their families. [4] Supplying basic needs ( clean
water, electricity and food) to their families are womens primary
responsibility. Women for Women International asserts: If Iraqi
women struggle with the daily demands of keeping a household together,
their ability to participate in political and economic activities is
diminished, curtailed or impossible. [5]Medact adds that there
is a direct correlation between a countrys infrastructure and
the health of the population as water, sewage treatment, electricity,
and food security all determines the state of health. [6] The U.S. focus
on political and civil rights ignores the interdependence of human rights.
[7]
The neglect of the basic needs of women in the reconstruction process
is explained by former U.S. Ambassador to Austria and founder of the
NGO Women Waging Peace as a strategy of excluding women in the reconstruction
process, justified as: Well, lets get this situation stabilized
and then well think about the women. [8]
This report focuses
on six basic rights: the right to safe drinking water, the right to
electricity, the right to healthcare, the right to work, and the right
to political participation.
1. The Right
to Safe Drinking Water
Cambridge Solidarity
With Iraq (CASI) reports that during U.S.-led attacks of the cities
of Fallujah, Samarra, and Tall Afar, water was deliberately cut off,
leaving 750,000 civilians without water. This violation of international
humanitarian law is viewed as a strategy to get civilians to leave their
homes while targeting the very young, the very old and the sick. [9]
Water is widely denied: fewer than half of all Iraqis living in rural
areas have access to potable water. [10]The Iraqis say that the lack
of drinking water is the second most critical impact of the U.S. invasion,
after the lack of security. [11] In the countryside, the lack of irrigation
water caused crop failures. As a result, many women spend hours a day
hauling drinking water from streams flowing with raw sewage, which will
dry up in the summer months. [12] The lack of water also affects the
healthcare system, according to doctors in Iraqi hospitals and the International
Committee of Red Cross (ICRC). [13] Doctor Linda Husseiny, an official
from the Ministry of Health said that they fear a cholera outbreak due
to the shortage of water. [14]
Water in Iraq is
contaminated since close to 500,000 tons of raw and partially
treated sewage are released into rivers every day. [15] It is
estimated that 60 percent of rural residents and 20 percent of urban
dwellers have access to, and drink, contaminated water, the Washington
Post reports. [16] As primary caretakers, Iraqi mothers have responsibility
for the health of their children and thus suffer when they are unable
to provide basic needs to them. Contaminated drinking water is the primary
cause of disease in children in Iraq. [17]
The U.S. has paid
the Bechtel Corporation $3 billion to repair water, electricity and
other infrastructure. However, this income meets the need of corporate
salaries without producing results for Iraqi families. [18] When Bechtel
was in charge of the privatization of water in Bolivia, water prices
rose 200 percent and water became an expensive commodity not available
to all people. [19] The example from Bechtel in Bolivia shows that privatization
of water will not ensure safe drinking water to all citizens of Iraq.
2. The Right to Electricity
According to Major
General Thomas Bostwick, commander of the US Army Corps of Engineers,
Iraqs national electricity supply has plummeted to below levels
of 4,400 megawatts maintained during the administration of President
Saddam Hussein. Most of the country has only 3 hours of electricity
per day [20]. In November 2004, the level of electricity produced had
fallen below 4,500 megawatts. In early and mid-January 2005, electricity
had plummeted to 3,500 megawatts [21]. According to a survey by Women
for Women International, 95% of women stated that they do not get enough
electricity in the home. [22] Most Iraqi families cannot afford a generator
which could ensure a stable level of electricity. [23]
Lack of electricity
in the home has knock-on effects: water born diseases have risen due
to the inability to boil water at home to purify it. [24] Medact reports
that from January to March 2004, there were over 5,000 cases of typhoid.
[25] In addition, hospitals and its patients suffer from the power outages,
and 80% of hospitals do not have generators that work. [26]
3. The Right
to Food
Acute malnutrition
has doubled among children. [27]
According to a study done by the Iraqi Ministry of Health, UNDP and
Fao, acute malnutrition in children has increased from 4% before the
invasion to 7.7% after the invasion. The study found that approximately
400,000 Iraqi children are suffering from chronic diarrhea. [28] This
implies that Iraqi children were better off during the Presidency of
Saddam Hussein. Today, child malnutrition rates in Iraq are much higher
than that of Uganda and Haiti and compares to that of Burundi, a war-torn
central African country. [29] Malnutrition has further led to a rise
in communicable diseases. [30]
From 1996 to 2003
most families in Iraq relied on food aid from the UN Oil for Food program.
After the U.S.-led coalition forces declared an end of the war, they
handed out flyers to Iraqis promising an increase in food aid, with
the inclusion of new items. However, according to the survey by Women
for Women International, 95% of women stated that there was no increase
in the food basket after the US occupation. [31] The U.S. has taken
control of potential oil revenues worth close to $20 billion per year
and stopped the oil-for-food program. [32]
In the city of Fallujah,
which was attacked by the U.S.-led forces, some refugees have been able
to return to their now deserted city. Lt. Col. Patrick Malay, who is
in charge of military operations in the northern parts of Fallujah commented
on the lines of people waiting for food, water, and sheets: This
is how I like it, just like Disneyland, he said. Orderly
lines and people leave with a smile on their face. [33]
Iraqi women do not
smile as they bear the burden of the lack of food. Iraqi farmers, of
which many are women, state that they cannot grow food due to unexploded
cluster bombs in their fields. [34] Due to the high unemployment, many
women cannot obtain adequate food. In addition, the cost of cooking
fuel has risen dramatically since the U.S. invasion. [35] According
to doctors in Baghdad Maternity Hospital, almost all pregnant women
suffer from anemia. [36]
4. The Right
to Healthcare
Prior to 1991, healthcare
in Iraq was free and of good quality. [37] Before the UN sanctions,
the number one health problem in Iraqi was obesity. Malnutrition was
a direct effect of the UN sanctions. [38] One important indicator to
assess the health of a countrys population is the mortality rate
of children under five. During sanctions, UNICEF reported that one in
eight children died before they reached the age of five and that 500,000
children died during sanctions. [39] Healthcare deteriorated and medicines
were not widely available. Post-1991, healthcare was increasingly privatized,
and after the war on Iraq in 2003, most hospitals cannot function properly
due to sewage, lack of clean water, lack of electricity, and lack of
drugs and equipment. [40] Dr. Amer Rashid, chief clinician from Yarmouk
hospital in Baghdad said, During sanctions we had more medicines
than we have now. [41] In the Woman for Women International survey,
57.1% of the Iraqi women said their families do not have sufficient
healthcare. [42] A UNDP study reports that the maternal mortality rate
has tripled compared to the period from 1989 to 2002. [43]
UNICEF states that,
prior to UN sanctions, Iraq had one of the highest standards of
living in the Middle East. Now, at least 200 children are
dying every day. They are dying from malnutrition, a lack of clean water
and a lack of medical equipment and drugs to cure easily treatable diseases.
[44]
Mohammed cries during
his treatment for diarrhea in General Teaching Hospital for Children
in Baghdad, Iraq. AP[45]
The rise in cancers
is due to the use of depleted uranium in ammunition in the war against
Iraq, according to German and Iraqi scientists. [46]
Iraqi mothers worry
for their children. According to Dr. Janan Hassan, director of a childrens
clinic in Basra, Since 1991 the number of children born with birth
deformities has quadrupled. The same is the case for the number of children
under 15 who are diagnosed with cancer. Mostly, its leukemia.
Almost 80 percent of the children die because we neither have medicine
nor the possibility of given them chemotherapy. [47]
Medact reports that
12% of hospitals were damaged in 2003 by U.S. aerial bombardments. [48]
The Special Rapporteur of the Right to Health to the United Nations
Commission on Human Rights reported that U.S.-led coalition forces obstructed
civilians from entering the main hospital in the city of Fallujah, while
also stopping staff from working there. [49] In addition, the general
climate of insecurity and violence keeps many women and children from
even being able to attempt to seek medical care. [50] [51]
It is predicted
that the privatization of healthcare will lead to a healthcare system
like that of the United States, the only industrialized country not
to provide free healthcare to children and pregnant women. The U.S.
itself has one of the worst child mortality rates among industrialized
nations.[52]
5. The Right to Work
Historically, Iraqi
women have not been confined to the private sphere and have attained
high levels of educational and professional accomplishments in for example
law, government, and medicine. [53]During the Hussein presidency, women
continued to work and study in the public sphere but during the period
of the UN sanctions, many women lost their jobs due to the deterioration
of the economy [54]. Moreover, sanctions led to the dismantling of government
social programs and women suffered disproportionately. [55]
During the U.S.-led
invasion in 2003 and the war that followed, many women started private
businesses in their homes, but when electricity was cut they could not
continue. Women who benefited from commerce in the informal market have
also been forced to give up this source of income. [56] Before the U.S.
occupation, Iraqi women made up 40 percent of the public-sector work
force. Today, most women are unemployed. [57] When the economy deteriorated,
women were the first to lose their jobs. Today womens unemployment
is at 70%. [58] In addition, due to the climate of violence and fear,
fewer children attend school and consequently, mothers or the oldest
female in the family have had to stop working to take care of the children.
As a result, women and children have fewer opportunities. [59] The U.S.
dismantling of the Iraqi state meant that many women lost governmental
positions. The Coalition Provisional Authority laid off hundreds of
thousands of government workers. [60] Despite the amount of reconstruction
work in Iraq, Iraqis themselves are not being employed. Instead, the
U.S. has hired foreign contractors and flown in foreign workers for
high and low skilled positions previously held by Iraqis. [61]
According to the
household survey done by Women for Women International in August 2004,
84% of the women surveyed had no income from formal or informal work.
The women identified electricity, jobs, and water as the most pressing
concerns. [62] Despite Iraqs valuable oil reserves, 27 percent
of the population is estimated to live on less than $2 a day. [63] In
a move that worsened the crisis exponentially, while imposing a privatized
model of governance not chosen by the Iraqi people, the Coalition Provisional
Authority cut the social safety net. [64] Following the many wars Iraq
has suffered, many women are widowed or abandoned. According to the
UN and the World Bank, there were close to 1 million women heads of
households in October 2003. [65] As the U.S. increasingly pushes for
privatization and a 100% free market state, this means that more women
will inevitably suffer disproportionately compared to men in Iraq.
6. The Right
to Political Participation
We dont
do women.
-High-ranking CPA official, responding to a reporters concern
about threats to Iraqi womens rights. [66]
The full and free
participation of women is an indicator of the future health and well-being
of the population of every Iraqi. [67]
In March 2003, USAID awarded the Research Triangle Institute (RTI) International
of North Carolina a $167 million contract to help 180 Iraqi cities and
towns "foster efficient, transparent, and accountable sub-national
government that supports the country's transition to sovereignty."
Three former RTI employees who worked on the project told CorpWatch
that the company spent 90 percent of the money on expensive expatriate
staff, gave out advice and held meetings, but did little to provide
concrete support for local community organizations or councils. [68]
A $10 million U.S. funded Iraqi womens democracy initiative
will, according to Paula Dobriansky, U.S. undersecretary of state for
global affairs, train Iraqi women to
lobby for fair treatment.
However, this view assumes that Iraqi women were powerless victims during
the Saddam Hussein regime prior to the U.S.-led invasion, when in fact,
in 1993 the UNICEF reported: Rarely do women in the Arab world
enjoy as much power as they do in Iraq
men and women must receive
equal pay for work. A wifes income is recognized as independent
from her husbands. In 1974, education was made free at all levels,
and in 1979 it was made compulsory for girls and boys until the age
of 12. [69]
The only two female governing council members Rhaja Habib Kuzai and
Songul Chapouk, state that there are already many qualified Iraqi women
community leaders who have a right to political participation: Many
Iraqi women are well-educated doctors, lawyers, and engineers
who are already leaders in their communities. And regardless of education,
women in Iraq are often heads of households who have kept their families
and their country moving despite decades of war and severe abuse under
the Saddam Hussein regime. [70]
Laws are not enough
when women lack electricity, water, healthcare, and work in a climate
of insecurity and violence. The report by Women for Women International
warns that these are serious indicators of long-term adversary implications.
[71]
The elections in
January 2005 were hailed by the US and UK as an opportunity for democracy
and for womens rights. UK foreign secretary Jack Straw said that
the Iraq war helped bring a democratic "wave of change" to
the Middle East. [72] The Bush administration argues that a successful
democracy in the Middle East could be an example for the rest of the
Arab world. [73] However, illegal elections cannot produce a legal result
as the elections were planned, organized, and financed by the
US in violation of the 1907 Hague Convention, which forbids an occupying
power from creating permanent changes in the government of the occupied
territory. [74]
The outcome of the
illegal elections caused a shift in alliances. The Shiites, who are
generally more conservative compared to Sunnis, have risen to power.
Amnesty International warns of a conservative backlash which threatens
womens rights. [75] There is a rise in Islamic fundamentalism.
[76] The Shia coalition has called for the application of sharia, or
Islamic law. This could mean that women may only inherit half that of
Iraqi men who may also be permitted to have four wives at once. [77]
Rime Allaf, an associate fellow with the Royal Institute of International
Affairs in London, who researches women's status in Iraq, states: "The
Baath Party, with all the things many believe they did wrong, [still
ensured that Iraqi] women had the most rights in the region. Now, a
lot of women are being very careful about how they dress. They are being
told by perfect strangers, 'You need to cover your hair ... [and] your
arms.' In the nearly two years since the regime of Saddam Hussein fell,
pressure has grown for women to conform to stricter Islamic standards."
[78]
MADRE warns that an interim government will draft a new Iraqi constitution,
which may restrict womens rights to divorce, inheritance, child
custody, freedom to choose whether and whom to marry, and freedom to
travel without a male. [79]
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helped mid-East democracy" March 10, 2005, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4335629.stm
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74. Yifat Susskind
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75. Amnesty International,
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document.do?id=9E865CC4FD535B2880256F73005E4047
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http://madre.org//articles/me/iraqielections.html
77. David Enders
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78. Jill Carroll
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DETERIORATING POLITICAL
AND ECONOMIC CRISIS OF WOMEN IN IRAQ UNDER US OCCUPYING FORCES
A Briefing Paper
of
INTERNATIONAL
EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Prepared by Hanna Dahlstrom Researcher, Association of Humanitarian
Lawyers
Presented to The United Nations Commission on Human Rights 2005 Session
March Geneva
Contact: [email protected]