Trauma
Of Daily Violence
In Jammu And Kashmir
Telling Upon Mental Health
By Syed Junaid Hashmi
20 June, 2007
Countercurrents.org
Ravaged
by conflict, traumatized by lack of accountability and strangled by
social taboos, people in Jammu and Kashmiri have been both witness to
and victims of violence which has had a significant effect on their
mental health. While a sustainable political solution to "K"
problem seems far away, psychological wounds inflicted by violence and
impunity on the Kashmiri society continue to increase and go well beyond
socio-economic problems.
Studies and survey's conducted
by various reputed organizations and institutes have confirmed that
Psychological problems have been increasing in Jammu and Kashmir. According
to one survey conducted by state mental health society (SMHS), around
80,000 people from Kashmir valley visited various mental health professionals
during the year 2005-2006 and nearly three-fourths were diagnosed with
serious psychological disorders. This represents an over twenty percent
increase from 2005 and reveals that the emotional and mental damage
caused by the conflict continues to surge.
A survey report on Jammu
and Kashmir by a Holland-based humanitarian group M‚decins Sans
FrontiŠres (MSF) maintains that a third of its respondents suffered
from psychological distress. Nearly one in 10 people reported having
lost one or more members of their immediate family due to violence in
the period from 1989-2005. The survey reported that almost half ( 48.1%)
of the respondents said they felt only occasionally or never safe.
It also indicated that violence
or the threat of physical violence seems to have had a significant effect
on the mental health of people. It revealed that respondents suffered
from high levels of anxiety such as nervousness, tension and extensive
worrying.
The survey stated that a
substantial number of people interviewed by them admitted to having
thoughts about ending their life (33.9%). "Such a high percentage
of suicidal tendencies within a population holding strong religious
beliefs that condemn the act of suicide, is a worrying indicator of
the level of despair and hopelessness in which people in Jammu and Kashmir
are living," stressed a neurologist.
The survey also indicated
high rates of physical complaints including headaches (23.5%), body
pains such as joint and back complaints (20.5%), and abdominal complaints
(16.9%). It reported that poor health placed a substantial burden on
the area's health facilities, with most people saying they visit health
clinics frequently ( 63.9%); some even four times or more. Medicine
consumption was also high, with over one-third taking six or more medicines
in the previous 30 days (37.9%).
According to MSF, Interviewees
reported witnessing (73.3%) and directly experiencing themselves ( 44.1%),
physical and psychological mistreatment, such as humiliation and threats
thus causing extensive damage to their psychological health. A shocking
finding of the survey was that torture appeared to be widespread suggesting
that a strategy of intimidation and fear has been employed by army and
paramilitary forces.
Maintaining that sexual violence
has impinged upon the mental health of people in Jammu and Kashmir more
than physical violence, the survey reported that sexual violence has
been used as a common strategy to intimidate people in conflict. 11.6%
of interviewees said they had been victims of sexual violence since
1989. Almost two-thirds of the people interviewed (63.9%) by MSF had
heard over a similar period about cases of rape, while one in seven
had witnessed rape.
The worst hit have been the children among whom the major effect of
the violence reported in this survey has been fear (24.6%). School-related
problems also scored highly, such as being unable to attend school (15.5%)
and having problems studying ( 16.3%) due to the lack of professional
teachers and study material.
Respondents told the surveyors
that people deal with stress by isolating themselves (22.3%) or becoming
aggressive (16%). They further informed them that talking confidentially
to someone they trust is helpful when confronted with tension ( 89.4%).
It is essentially this survey which brought out the real picture of
the mental health of people in Jammu and Kashmir. The findings of the
survey revealed a bleak picture of the mental health of people in the
conflict-afflicted region and raised important questions about the government's
failure to adequately provide mental health services to the population.
Overburdened, understaffed,
and in-demand, this is the state of mental health care in Kashmir. The
Psychiatric Diseases Hospital at Kaathi Darwaza is the only refuge for
mental patients in Kashmir, and its doctors, facilities, and supplies
have long been grossly inadequate. According to one report, records
from the out-patient department (OPD) of Srinagar's Hospital for Psychiatric
Diseases show that more than 300 people arrive every day.
It stated that most self-admitting
patients are women aged between 16 to 25. Because of the social stigma
associated with psychological disorders, doctors believe that no more
than 10 percent of those in need of psychiatric care are actually approaching
the hospital. One outcome of this under-treated trauma is an increase
in teenage girl suicides.
According to another report
published in a local daily, 19-year-old Jameela witnessed her aunt being
killed while working in the kitchen and later also witnessed a shootout
in her locality. With no history of psychiatric problems, she began
suffering from post-traumatic stress disorders: recurrent, intrusive
and distressing recollection of the events, marked irritability, outbursts
of anger, difficulty in concentrating, sleeplessness, sadness, and disinterest
in all social, domestic and college activities. Following a minor altercation
with her sister, she consumed pesticide and ended her life.
A statistical report of the
state health and medical education department revealed that on an average,
two to three cases of attempted suicide are admitted into Srinagar's
two main hospitals on regular basis. A large number of people from the
villages die on the way or in local health centers.
Psychologists maintain that
people living at a place ravaged by conflict are often faced with a
number of Psychological problems. They say that the physical environment
in which people live and survive has a direct bearing on their mental
health. "Stress caused by feelings of insecurity and dependency
can deplete physical and psychological buoyancy leading to varied mental
problems, this has happened in most of the cases in Jammu and Kashmir,"
said Dr.Adarsh Bhargav He maintained that crackdowns, frisking by security
forces and round-up raids in villages have a deep impact on the mental
health of the people. "When you find yourself in the middle of
a situation where your movement gets restricted, where you have to follow
orders, where you are abused and humiliated, where your imaginations
fail to take a flight and where your identity always remains a suspect,
you are bound to suffer from Psychological disorders," added the
young practicing Psychologist.
A young neurologist Dr.Nida
who is presently doing her masters from a reputed institute in Delhi
maintained that since 1990, the number of mental patients in Kashmir
Valley have increased from 1500 to nearly 1 Lakh in 2006.
"Around 60 to 70 percent
of these patients are suffering from depression, bipolar disorder or
schizophrenia; all of these disorders are of serious nature, apart from
these problems, there are many other psychological complications associated
with violence which can be easily noticed among the people in Kashmir
valley," added Dr.Nida.
She maintained that situation
has come to a stage where people feel so unsafe that they prefer staying
in hospital than going home. Increasing psychological and neurological
problems among the people in Jammu and Kashmir begs further discussion
of the continuing situation of impunity in Kashmir for those who perpetrate
acts of terror and violence without any fear of being caught and held
accountable. Until this atmosphere of impunity is not addressed, psychological
problems are bound to increase.
Writer is a journalist, presently working with jammu and kashmir's largest
circulated daily and highly reputed daily "The Kashmir Times".
He can be contacted at [email protected]
Leave
A Comment
&
Share Your Insights
Comment
Policy
Digg
it! And spread the word!
Here is a unique chance to help this article to be read by thousands
of people more. You just Digg it, and it will appear in the home page
of Digg.com and thousands more will read it. Digg is nothing but an
vote, the article with most votes will go to the top of the page. So,
as you read just give a digg and help thousands more to read this article.