Non
Violent Protest - Then And Now
By Anuja Mirchandaney
09 May, 2006
Countercurrents.org
The Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA)
is the oldest surviving mass based movement in the country. The March
'06 Relief and Rehabilitation Group's decision to further raise the
Sardar Sarovar dam's height to 121.64 metres prompted NBA activists
to go to Delhi and undertake a hunger strike. On 17 April the Supreme
Court passed an unsatisfactory interim order of permitting a conditional
raise provided that rehabilitation measures are completed within 3 months.
The fast has been called off but the crisis facing the NBA continues.
The Gandhian legacy of non
violent protest - which is the NBA's chosen mode of protest - is perhaps
facing its biggest test ever. The current scenario played out in drawing
rooms through out the country throw up these dilemmas facing the movement.
Why did the Central Government only swing into action when Medha Patkar,
and other representatives from the Narmada valley, Jamsing Nargave,
Bhagwati Devi Jatpuria were into their twelfth day of fasting? Are the
voices of non-violent protest only heard when celebrities like Medha
Patkar, Arundhati Roy (and now Aamir Khan), are involved? In this day
of marketization, and consumerism, how many from the middle class will
devote their lives to mass based movements and non violent protests
? Is non violent protest as a tool of upholding civil rights becoming
ineffective, and so is violence the only mode of action left that will
bring any results?
'For the NBA, non violent
protest is a strategic as well as a moral stand', points out Shashank
Kela, Khedul Mazdoor Shetna Sangath, who has been closely associated
with the NBA for over two decades. The Movement has consistently used
the Gandhian tactic of Satyagraha. In the past, fasting has been used
to evoke moral pressure by the NBA, notably during the Sangharsh yatra
and the Bombay Dharna of 1993. Civil disobedience methods such as non
cooperation with the Project officials, and on one occasion blocking
traffic on the Agra-Delhi national high way, have also been employed.
Kela is well aware of the challenges facing the NBA, and other progressive
movement today. The bulk of any mass movement must be the rural people
who are getting increasingly atomized and fragmented due to the agrarian
crisis that has led to a steady defection to the cities. Even in the
given bleak scenario, Kela opines that mass non violent protest has
not been fully explored and there is "still plenty of life left
in it". Not a view that is shared by Jagadeesh BN, Advocate, Bangalore
who was part of the NBA struggles in the valley in the late 90's. He
firmly believes that non violent protest has not been effective with
regard to the people displaced in the Narmada valley. He says point
blank, "take the gun and fight against the authoritarian state
- thats the only way the Government will respond". He cites two
examples of other displaced tribals. On the one hand, of those in the
Western Ghats, who due to Naxalite intervention, were given the option
by the Government to leave and relocate in return for a ninety two crore
compensation package, and on the other hand, tribals in Nagarhole whose
nonviolent struggle has left them with nothing.
Why is it that non violent
protest that was effective in the days of yore does not seem to exert
the same kind of pressure now? In the case of the ongoing NBA agitation,
the government has shown its callousness yet again when activists going
on fast were dragged to AIIMS and others involved in a dharna were brutally
attacked by the police. FIRs have been registered against those going
on fast on charges of Attempt to Commit Suicide. The government through
its actions has trivialized the extraordinary acts of courage of the
activists, and more importantly violated the more fundamental Right
to Freedom of Expression.
Non violent protest rests on moral foundations such as purity of means,
and the belief that there is good in every human being. It places its
faith in the logic, that if one willingly accepts suffering, whether
through another's violent action, or else self-inflicted e.g through
fasting, this will appeal to the good in people and bring about a moral
transformation- a 'change in heart'.
One of the basic conditions
for undertaking a successful non violent action is that there must be
a 'just grievance'. While the validity of NBA's ecological and social
justice concerns are clear to its supporters, there are powerful interests
that are attempting to obfuscate the issue. The hon'ble chief minister
of Gujarat, Modi, has managed to twist the focus of the debate - politicize
it to say that the Congress at the Centre is targeting the BJP in Gujarat,
and is making the raising of the dam height a matter of 'Gujarati pride'.
The justness of the NBA claim can therefore be made questionable, and
this impacts public opinion - a factor that the success of any non violence
protest depends.
The public needs to be informed
about the issue by an unbiased media. Then only is it possible to bring
about pressure on the government . While NBA are now past masters at
engaging with the media, there are a couple of obstacles to the media
being able to highlight issues which matter to a large majority of people
in this country.
The 'public' that puts pressure
on the government to change its policies in effect means the opinion
of the middle class- a fact that was reiterated by the recent Jessica
Lal case. They are the target audience of the English news channels.
Unfortunately, "development related displacement remains a 'non
middle class' issue" to quote Enakshi Ganguly Thukral, currently
executive director, HAQ. It will not bring in advertising revenue, and
subsequently gets less space on news channels. One saw the fickleness
of popular news channels, which covered the story only when there was
high drama with activists fasting. Even if the non violent protest of
the Andolan were given more coverage, the Gujarat government has resorted
to calumnies - local administration in Gujarat has fed stories to the
press to discredit the Andolan. Media's access to important information
also faces governmental hurdles. With the true facts being reported
sketchily and some times contested with government promulgated false
hoods, public opinion to pressurize the government does not have a chance
to form to the extent necessary. In the circumstances the future of
non violent protest stands seriously imperiled