Environment
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India
Ram Manohar Lohia Sowed the Seeds of Coalition Politics in India; Narendra Modi is Subverting It
The following statements of Prime Minister merit attention: Meanwhile the Home Minister of India has chipped in (Quote): India wants a “mazboot” (strong) PM, not a “mazboor” (weak) PM. Lately…
Election Commission’s silence/ inaction/ delay in response encouraging political parties’ star campaigners to violate the MCC and Representation of People Act to the detriment of social cohesion
ToShri Rajiv Kumar Chief Election Commissioner Shri Gyanesh Kumar Election Commissioner Dr Sukhbir Singh Sandhu Election Commissioner Dear Dr Sukhbir Singh Sandhu, S/Shri Gyanesh Kumar/ Rajiv Kumar, Kindly refer to my letters of 26th…
Enough of this suffering, the gruesome betrayal; 10 years of despotic rule, 10 dreadful deceptions Part- XI
Treason showcased as religion - A planned assassination of the Constitution What they promised: What is happening actually: What are the reasons for this: Eddelu Karnataka is an independent civil society…
Role of Muslims in the Indian Freedom Struggle
Famous Writer Mr. Kushwant Singh said: “Indian Freedom is written on Muslims’ blood, their participation in freedom struggle was much more, in proportion to their small percentage of population”. In…
Open Letter to all the Constituent Parties of the Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance (I.N.D.I.A)
As per current information, the Election Commission of India (ECI) will declare the results of the on-going Lok Sabha elections on 04.06.2024. This will constitute the 18th Lok Sabha of…
Remembering Dr Ambedkar’s interventions for labour rights on May Day
"Unless the conflict in a social structure where equality in the political sphere and inequality in the socio-economic sphere is resolved, the victims of inequality will not fail to destroy…
World
Germany’s Youth Moves to the Right
Germany’s youth is moving to the right. It is becoming more conservative, if not reactionary. According to a recent study – Jugend in Deutschland – Germany’s neofascist political party, the…
When Safety is a Fiction: Passing the UK’s Rwanda Bill
What a stinking story of inhumanity. A country intent on sending asylum seekers to one whose residents have actually applied for asylum and sanctuary in other states. But the UK-Rwanda…
The True Shocking Driver of Crime in America
In the midst of all of his trials, in a moment pregnant with irony, Donald Trump recently claimed that if he was reelected he would seize direct control of Washington,…
University Investments: Divesting from the Military-Industrial Complex
The rage and protest against Israel’s campaign in Gaza, ongoing since the October 7 attacks by Hamas, has stirred student activity across a number of US university campuses and beyond. …
Presidential Candidate Jill Stein Attacked in St. Louis
After attacking Dr. Jill Stein, St. Louis police charged her with assaulting them. Stein is the presumptive Presidential candidate of the Green Party. On April 27 she spoke at a…
Long live the fight
"Thou Shalt Not Kill"(1) is a noble law that did not come from the Creator. Almost everything that lives on this planet needs to kill other beings to survive. Carnivores, herbivores,…
Globalisation
Comparing How the West and China Offer Loans to Developing Countries
Established Western economic institutions are facing a formidable challenge from Chinese newcomers, each side offering distinct and competitive lending strategies with far-reaching consequences for global infrastructure and development. In October…
It’s Not Capitalism… It’s MONEYISM!!
Here it is from an old college buddy and confidante of mine, J D. This former progressive talk radio host and socialist thinker nailed it with his commentary on things…
Why Garment Workers in Bangladesh are on Strike
Bangladesh is a major producer of garments supplying to world’s top brands such as H & M, Lewis, Gucci, Zara and many others. Nearly 4.0 million workers, mostly women toil…
Tossing Neoliberalism into the Dumpster
It’s official, according to a speech by National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan, the United States is jumping off the neoliberal globalization bandwagon (a root cause of domestic extremism) and it…
Corporatizing the World One Small Company at a Time
I remember when my small town lost its last family owned and run pharmacy — a beautiful, old, turn of the century store and a high quality company that the…
Corporatisation: Destroying Rural Economy
One of the most significant commitments of last five decade of twentieth century has been to economic growth and trade expansion, and we have been spectacularly successful…
Human Rights
Iranian Rapper’s Death Sentence Sparks Outrage, Global Rallies
Popular Iranian dissident, rapper and hip-hop artist Toomaj Salehi, a 33-year-old former factory worker known for his protest songs and social media posts critical of the government of the Islamic…
Wakeup NHRC, you are Up for Review of Accreditation
The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) of India was established in 1993. In 30 years of its history, it has undergone a process of accreditation in 2006, 2011, 2016, 2017…
Were Delhi Chief Minister Kejriwal To Die In Tihar Jail For Deficient Treatment, A Murder Case Against Indian Home Minister Would Be In Order
Kejriwal has accused authorities at Tihar prison and Enforcement Directorate (ED) of depriving him of medication (Insulin) and of lying to a Delhi Court that he was intentionally eating high…
Justice With A Human Face
When an old and seriously ill Stan Swamy,one more accused in the infamous Bhima Koregaon-Elgar Parishad case, knew death was near,he had pleaded that he be allowed to spend his…
Uphold Shoma Sen’s Bail Order: Release all Bhima Koregaon detainees!
PUDR expresses relief at the Supreme Court’s granting of bail to Prof. Shoma Sen on April 5, after nearly six long years of pre-trial incarceration. Charged under the Unlawful Activities…
Request to Lula in defence of Indian journalist Prabir Purkayastha
Letter sent to President Lula in the second week of March, signed by representatives of the eight Brazilian organisations that created the World Social Forum in January 2001. The worldwide…
Imperialism
Torture, Abu Ghraib, and the Legacy of the U.S. War on Iraq
“To this day I feel humiliation for what was done to me… The time I spent in Abu Ghraib — it ended my life. I’m only half a human now.” That’s…
US War Against Yemen Heats Up
The US war against Yemen is slowly but surely heating up. With more and bigger bombs the US is doing the only thing it knows how when what it is…
The Forever Failure of America’s Failed Forever Wars
Dressed in green military fatigues and a blue garrison cap, Colonel Major Amadou Abdramane, a spokesperson for Niger’s ruling junta, took to local television last month to criticize the United…
The Pentagon’s Budget Follies Come at a High Price
by Julia Gledhill and William D. Hartung The White House released its budget proposal for Fiscal Year 2025 on March 11th, and the news was depressingly familiar: $895 billion for the Pentagon…
Europe Sleepwalks Through Its Own Dilemmas
On March 19, 2024, the head of France’s ground forces, General Pierre Schill, published an article in the newspaper, Le Monde, with a blunt title: “The Army Stands Ready.” Schill…
Cutting the Pentagon Down to Size
In an age when American presidents routinely boast of having the world’s finest military, where nearly trillion-dollar war budgets are now a new version of routine, let me bring up one vitally important but seldom…
Communal Harmony
Hate Speech in India: How to Promote Amity?
India has been ruled by Hindu Nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party for the last one decade. BJP in turn is progeny of RSS, which has a goal of Hindu Rashtra. It…
After Four Years of Delhi Riots: In Search of Healing and Justice
by Swati Draik, Sumit Kumar Gupta and Badre Alam Khan A memorial tribute on the fourth anniversary of the Delhi 2020 communal carnage was organized by Karwan-e- Mohabbat (people campaign…
Indian Society: Unity in Diversity
For the singular thing about India is that you can only speak of it in the plural.-Shashi Tharoor One feature that is most often noticed about India is its unity…
The Rise of Islamophobia: Future of Indian Muslims
Introduction In 2002, at a difficult period for secular India, a horrific tragedy took place. a terrible episode of targeted murder, particularly of Muslims, that occurred when Gujarat's chief minister,…
Observe Mahatma Gandhi’s Martyrdom Day As A Day Of National Unity, Communal Harmony, Non-Violence And Peace
People’s Initiative to commemorate the 76th anniversary of the Martyrdom of Mahatma Gandhi on the 30th of January 2024, as a Day of National Unity, Communal Harmony, Non-Violence & Peace.In…
Restoring the Inclusive Idea of India in the Times of Sectarian Nationalism
Satyapal Malik, the ex-Governor of many states stated that the role of Pulwama and Balakot was very much there in the victory of Modi-BJP in the previous 2019 General elections.…
Climate Change
Eco-Collapse Hasn’t Happened Yet, But You Can See It Coming
Degrowth Is the Only Sane Survival Plan Something must be up. Otherwise, why would scientists keep sending us those scary warnings? There has been a steady stream of them in…
The Orwellian rules-based Climate
“History is a nightmare from which I am trying to wake” (James Joyce) Figure 1. The five mass extinctions in Earth History. The rate of the current rise of greenhouse…
Ocean Heat Pummels the Great Barrier Reef, Again
It’s never been so bad. The Great Barrier Reef, which is one of nature’s most iconic mosaics of biodiversity, is on the ropes because of extreme global warming. Coral bleaching…
Weather Modification and Geo-Engineering Will Increase Environmental Problems, Not Reduce Them
At the time of the recent Dubai floods there was initial over-emphasis by some on cloud-seeding as being the main factor, which was later corrected to say that climate change…
Lives of working people are unbearable in extreme heatwave
Extreme heatwaves are blowing over southeast Asia. People of India and Bangladesh are heavily suffering from this. Desert like environment is felt by the residents of these countries. Doctors are…
Protect the Arctic Region: Already Threatened Arctic Ecology Can be Devastated Further by Rapid Militarization
The Arctic region is warming at twice the global rate, leading to rapid melting of ice--some have even predicted ice-free summers by year 2034. This has brought unprecedented threats to…
Environmental Protection
Environmental Journalism, a Most Dangerous Profession
“One environmental journalist is killed every two days” is how Jon Sawyer Executive Director, Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting, opened the first panel discussion ever on the dangers that environmental…
How the US Constitution Fails to Protect the Environment
by Katrina Fischer Kuh and James R. May Even a healthy U.S. democracy would struggle to respond effectively to the “wicked” problem of climate change. As humans, we would have…
Why India and other Global South countries should firmly reject the technology of genetically modified insects
In recent years the technology of modified insects including genetically modified insects, particularly mosquitos, as well as other related technologies, have been exposed in several countries for their harmful impacts…
Time to Ring Warning Bells on High Risk Technologies of Genetic and Other Modification of Insects
Various technologies of manipulation and modification of insects, including genetic modification, have been attracting a lot of debate in recent years, particularly in the context of mosquitoes. This debate heats…
Indian environmental movements: Why they failed or succeeded, and the challenges ahead
When the majority of human society feels social stress, it does one of three things—1) accept stress out of a feeling of helplessness, 2) move away from the stressors in…
Saving Forests–Chipko Movement story is not complete without the great Appiko Movement of Karnataka
While observing the 50th anniversary of the Chipko movement for saving forests many inspiring stories were related but we did not hear much about the highly inspiring Appiko movement of…
Counter Solutions
Territorialisation of Land
In the early seventh century in rural England, the process of territorialisation has played a major role in the transformation of land into private property in its institutionalised form. This…
Design Thinking Fosters Social Innovation
Design Thinking could be variedly conceived as a methodology, strategy, idea or a worldview, that is essentially customer-centric in its scope and applications. On a granular level, it is borrowing…
Set up High-Priority, People-Based International Organization for Protecting Life-Nurturing Conditions of Earth
By far the most important issue of our times is that the life-nurturing conditions of earth are threatened very seriously for the first time by human-made factors. Very devastating changes…
Are EVs Truly the Greenest Form of Transportation?
A friend recently told me of a new study showing that the “life cycle” of electric vehicles (EVs) causes fewer CO2 emissions than gas-powered cars. This is important since research…
We Must Reject Ego-Nomics to Prevent Human Extinction
To secure the well-being of all of Earth’s people and the many other members of Earth’s household, we will need a new economics, an “eco-nomics” that guides us on a…
Important national elections in India are a good time to consider a path based on justice, peace, and environmental protection
Introduction The national election time in India has started and in June India will have a new government in place based on these election results. These are widely regarded as…
Resource Crisis
The Project of Capital and the Project of the Proletariat in a time of World Crisis
ABSTRACT This is a response to the two sets of articles written by Sajai Jose on the Fourth Industrial Revolution and on the world’s and India’s hunger crisis. It is…
Sustaining the Unsustainable: Why Renewable Energy Companies Are Not Climate Warriors
In the fight to address climate change, renewable energy companies are often assumed to be Jedi Knights. Valiantly struggling to save the planet, wind and solar interests are thought to…
The Gritty Reality of Solar Power
by Priti Gulati Cox and Stan Cox Time is fast running out. The world’s affluent nations, with their abundant greenhouse emissions, have to finally drag themselves across the starting line…
Solidarity with Resistance to Extraction
by Don Fitz and the Green Party of St. Louis People the world over are opposing fossil fuel extraction in an incalculable number of ways. It is now clear that…
Will There Be Resource Wars in a Renewable Future?
Thanks to its very name — renewable energy — we can picture a time in the not-too-distant future when our need for non-renewable fuels like oil, natural gas, and coal…
The Growth Of Fascism Or The Fascism Of Growth?
Bear with me, scrupulous historians, as I try to run through some questions and parallels between centuries that I hope will enrich the essential debate on how to confront the…
Patriarchy
Gender Justice is Very Important Everywhere, but must be Rooted in Local Culture—Not Imposed by the West
Gender justice and equality are very important for humanity’s progress. This is now widely recognized and rightly so. However what needs to be questioned are the claims of the west…
Challenging Heteropatriarchy
Like any other popular movement, the radical message of feminist liberation is always at risk of being diluted by dominant ideologies. In the current conjuncture of neo-fascist resurgence, such dilution…
Combat Patriarchal Mindset at AMU!
The ascendancy of Hindu nationalism in India has led to the sharp demarcation of religio-communitarian boundaries. In response to communal attacks on Islamic identity, the Muslim gentry has reinforced a…
The Political Logic of Militant Feminism
On February 3, 2024, Rishika Singh wrote a report for Indian Express entitled “Indian men are facing a loneliness epidemic and we’re not talking about it enough”. The very title…
Single, but not alone! National Consultation on Single Women
A 3-day consultation on Single Women was organised by Jagori at the India International Centre from 26th- 28th February 2024 in New Delhi with the objectives of refocusing the spotlight…
Story of Atashi… and many more like her
A lot of the news nowadays covers stories of abominable crimes surfacing in a remote rural pocket of West Bengal. While looking at some of them on television, I often…
Palestine
How To Free Palestine: End Apartheid Israel, Human Rights Denial, Gaza Massacre, Child Killing, Occupation And Palestinian Genocide
Anti-racist supporters of Palestinian human rights call for a Free Palestine that can be accomplished by the World effecting an end to Apartheid Israel, human rights denial, the Gaza Massacre,…
American Intifada for Gaza: What Should We Expect?
The mass protests at dozens of US universities cannot be reduced to a stifling and misleading conversation about antisemitism. Thousands of American students across the country are not protesting, risking…
The absurdity and Cruelty of Netanyahu saying Israel will Invade Rafah ‘with or without a deal’
Do you negotiate for a peace deal with a threatening gun in one hand and a bomb in the other? Is this the way to pursue truce and ceasefire? Such…
Birding in Gaza
He’s a funny little chap: a sharp dresser with a sleek grey jacket, a white waistcoat, red shorts, and a small grey crest for a hat. With his shiny black…
US condemns International Criminal Court investigation of Israeli war criminals
The Biden administration Monday condemned an ongoing investigation by the International Criminal Court (ICC) of senior Israeli figures who masterminded the Gaza genocide. Israeli media sources reported in recent days…
The Jewish Solidarity behind the Palestinian Resistance in the US
In one of the strangest contradictions, while the US's support for Israel has always been unwavering, driven largely by many influential supporters of Israel, a section of the American Jewish…
South Asia
Students from India and Pakistan jointly created a calendar for World Peace
At a time when geopolitics is all around conflicts and war, particularly due to the Russia-Unkraine and Insrale-Palestine conflict, and the world peace seems to be unstable, students in India…
Pakistan: Indicted Criminals Disguised as Leaders
The Nation Besieged by Few Generals and Political Monsters Pakistan for over 76 years lost its essence of national freedom which was achieved by a people-oriented movement for independence from…
Modi Could Squander an Unprecedented Chance at Normalizing India-Pakistan Ties
Mired in economic and internal crises, Pakistan is primed for normalization and trade with India—but Narendra Modi’s Hindu nationalist government is failing to seize the chance When Narendra Modi returned…
Future of Civil and Political Rights in Sri Lanka
Civil and political rights (CPRs), which acquired general support throughout the world in the latter half of the 20th century and have persisted into the 21st, are the legal safeguards…
Rights of Tamils for Self-Determination in Sri Lanka
The UN covenant on civil and political rights which came in to effect in 1966, lays down the right and principle of self-determination under Article 1 as follows:- “All peoples…
Sri Lanka: Govt-IMF Reach Agreement but Basic Question Remains
Sri Lanka’s economic crisis has worsened due to IMF deals, causing social unrest, unemployment, poverty, and food insecurity, and posing significant challenges for its people. The International Monetary Fund (IMF)…
Annihilate Caste
The agony of Dalit Christians in the Indian political field
The Supreme Court of India’s Judgment in K.P. Manu v. Chairman, Scrutiny Committee, (2015) 4 SCC 1, para 27 says: “A Church of South India Commission in 1964 investigating the…
Manudharma and Indian Secularism
(Chief Guest speech at DHPS Conference on Manudharma, Dalits and Constitution held on 17-3-2024, Visakhapatnam.) Manudharma, the ancient Hindu code is still haunting the lives of people. The importance and…
Caste Divide on the Wheels: A Tale of Bus Services and Social Justice in the Nilgiris
Pursuant to the news published in The Hindu on 29 February 2024 regarding the Badaga community members refusing to allow bus to ply to SC/ST villages in the Nilgiris, a…
Whether delinking religion and making the Scheduled Castes net as religion neutral is Constitutional?
The Constitution (SC) Order 1950 paragraph 3 issued under Article 341 of the Constitution is religion based, which says, “Notwithstanding anything contained in paragraph 2, no person who professes a…
Criminal Tribes Act 1871-Denying Dignity to Anti-British Rebels
Indian ‘lower castes and communities’, particularly those, who fought with arms against the British were treated by the English men as uncivilised and barbarous Tribes. Rohilla war took place in…
‘Dereservation’ -Whether the genie is out of the bottle finally
UGC led by Chairman Jagdeesh Kumar refuses to remain beyond controversy for long time. The latest being its draft proposal of 'dereservation' of seats if not a suitable candidate from…
Life/Philosophy
Territorialisation of Space
The territorialisation of land has not only resulted in a world structured around the concept of land as private property but has also facilitated the formation of territories at various…
What Does Play Tell Us About Human Evolution?
Our species devotes a singular amount of time to an utterly unserious aspect of life: play. This begs the question: what is the adaptive value of horsing around? What possible…
Raising Hairless Primates
I remember the first time I observed my daughter pointing. We were at a neighborhood playgroup, a daily gathering of toddlers and their parents, and 12-month-old Tessa pointed at a…
Fun and Paradox in the English Language
English language is dubbed with so many sobriquets and epithets. It is enjoying the status of International language, lingua franca, bridge language etc. People crave to learn this because of…
World Book Day: Rediscovering the Joy of Reading in Modern Times
Come 23rd April and we have the special day for book lovers - World Book Day. The day was established by UNESCO in 1995 to globally celebrate books and reading.…
On the Marxist Critique of Heidegger
How Marxists should approach the critique of Martin Heidegger Martin Heidegger is undoubtedly one of the most creative and influential philosophers of the 20th century. Virtually all areas of philosophy,…
Arts/Literature
Manto and Chugtai: Smell, Dog, Quilt and so much more
“Two or three years after Partition, the governments of India and Pakistan decided that just as there had been a cordial exchange of prisoners, there should now be a similar…
A Call To Prayer
come to me hereyour eyes widelike the bride of morning i have pitched my tabernacle tentneither near nor faron the routes of passage where dust of travelersfills my nostrilsand the…
Kumar Gandharva was an innovator, a rebel like T.M. Krishna
The Tata theatre of NCPA in Mumbai was packed to capacity on April 4 by music lovers providing a fitting finale to the birth centenary celebrations of Kumar Ganharva, the…
‘Ae Watan Mere Watan’ nuances the cinematic message of a historical event
We, a few comrades of Delhi, used to organize an annual program in the memory of Allah Baksh under the auspices of Samajwadi Manch. On the suggestion of Anil Nauria,…
The Angels of Gaza
(Based on true and almost true events) the weeping is an immense angel,the weeping is an immense violin,the tears muzzle the wind,nothing else is heard but the weeping. From "Casida…
Lament
For the sake of Godhe saidhis voice in tremor. For sake of the Earth and moon.For wind over trees.For the sake of mirror-wateron a moonlit lake. He shaped his heartinto…
Book Review
How did the World’s Largest Democracy deal with dissent Voices?
Alpa Shah. 2024. The Incarcerations: Bhima Koregaon and the Search for Democracy in India. Gurugram, HarperCollins Publishers, India, pp. 561, Rs. 699. When I picked the volume from a bookshop…
Liz Truss and the West: A Failed Former Prime Minister Speaks
It is unfortunate that column space should be dedicated to Britain’s shortest termed prime minister and, arguably, one of its most imbecilic and cringingly juvenile. But given that some people…
Herbert Marcuse – New Left Revival?
World events serve as a stage of constant search for how best to construct and maintain society, which is an underlying theme of some decades ago found in the works…
Review – Legacy of Violence: A History of the British Empire by Caroline Elkins
Legacy of Violence - A History of the British Empire. Caroline Elkins. Vantage Books/Penguin Random House, New York, 2022. This is an amazing history, one that should be on the…
The Knowledge Economy and Socialism: Science and Society in Cuba
“Cuba’s future must, by necessity, be a future of scientists,” Fidel Castro proclaimed in 1960. As Agustín Lage Dávila shows in this pathbreaking book, Cuba has in fact become a…
Harry Potter and the Cursed Child: A Roller-Coaster Through Time
ALBUS takes the Time-Turner from SCORPIUS - he presses down upon it and the Time-Turner begins to vibrate, and then explodes into a storm of movement. And with it the…
Editor's Picks
Stories that can bring a positive change deserve to be called news: Binu Mathew
At a time when the Indian media is increasingly being controlled by the rich and dominated by the caste elites, Countercurrents.org has set up an example of giving space to…
A People’s Manifesto for Ecological Democracy – 2.0
This is an updated version of the “People’s Manifesto for Ecological Democracy” that Countercurrents.org published on 15th August 2020, where we set out a broad framework on how India should…
Countercurrents.org Resisting Fascism Since 2002; Save This People’s Journal; Make Liberal Financial Contributions for Its Survival. Now!
I have before me the following documents: “Why should Binu Mathew while struggling day and night to make the voices for justice heard, struggle even today with appeals for subscriptions?”…
Netanyahu’s War Cabinet Meeting & its Musings over a People’s Journal and Corporate Press
Netanyahu: Now that a temporary truce is on, brief me about developments at the media front. War Cabinet Member (WCM): Sir, our hit rate is 100% successful. Till 23.11.2023 we…
Adieu, Amma!
My Amma (Malayalam word for Mother) passed away on August 22, 2023 at 3.10 AM. It is always difficult to deal with the passing of a parent, that too one’s…
Farewell to Sasi etta, brother K.P. Sasi
Our beloved K.P.Sasi is no more. Filmmaker, cartoonist, writer, mentor, friend and above all tireless activist championing the cause of every underdog, Sasi breathed his last, mid-afternoon this Christmas day…
COVID Response Watch
Shadow of Covid lingers over the erstwhile Kingdom of Cooch Behar
The princely state of Cooch Behar merged with the Dominion of India on August 8, 1949 and became a part of the State of West Bengal on January 1, 1950.…
Public life in MP disrupted by heavy rains linked to climate change
Roads are crumbling, bridges are collapsing and railway lines are flooded . The surging waters from the rivers are drowning entire villages all around. It has rained so much that…
Hanging by a thread, Sheffield of the East
Sometimes it was a rise in pig iron prices due to disruption of supply chains due to the Covid pandemic. Now you can find the Ukraine War as a reason…
Malnutrition and death of children decreased in the system, increased in reality
In Maharashtra, the administration has been claiming that there is a steady decline in the number of malnutrition and child deaths in the state. But, in recent figures that have…
When Forest Rights meets Right to Education
With the horrors of the deadly virus still in the air, this would appear to be like a remarkable fairy tale in the post-Covid pandemic scenario, almost like a dream…
Uttarakhand In Need of Climate Resilient Agriculture Practices
In the last few years, we have been witnessing erratic, unpredictable and unexpected changes in climate, which are more perceptible in the Himalayan region of the country. These changes are…
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